长江安庆段江豚主要栖息地鱼类群落结构

长江皖河交汇处(皖河口)是安庆江段江豚主要的栖息地之一。为了解江豚主要栖息地鱼类群落结构,于2013年9月—2014年8月对皖河口及其附近4个断面逐月进行了鱼类调查。研究结果表明,共采集鱼类35种,与历史资料相比,鱼类物种多样性已经严重下降,并且小型化趋势明显。5个断面当中,皖河口鱼类种数最多,为27种,且以中上层鱼类餐和油餐为主要优势种;其余4个断面分别为16、20、19和14种,且多数断面以底层鱼类黄颡鱼和长须黄颡鱼为主要优势种。方差分析结果表明,皖河口渔获物的总数量和总重量与其他断面无显著差异,但总种数却显著高于断面1和5。对中上层、中下层和底层鱼类的进一步分析发现,5个断面的显著差异仅存在于中上层鱼类,且皖河口中上层渔获物的数量和重量均显著高于其他断面。由此推断,江豚选择皖河口作为主要栖息地可能主要由于其更加丰富的中上层鱼类资源。研究结果不仅有助于了解鱼类资源的变化,还对江豚的原地和迁地保护具有重要意义。     

长江上游三层流刺网渔业现状的调查

1997-1999年对长江上游宜宾江段和合江江段的三层流刺网渔业现状进行了调查。合江江段三层流刺网内网目在10-180mm之间,宜宾江段以50mm以下的网目为主。采集到的鱼类有59种,包括17种长江上游特有鱼类;渔获物组成存在区域、季节和年际之间的差异。目前长江上游的捕捞强度比70年代显著提高。     

高寒退化草地狼毒种群株丛间格局控制机理

在黑河上游祁连山北坡高寒退化草地,应用Ripley's K函数检测种间格局控制关系的技术方法,按狼毒个体分枝数设置Ⅰ级株丛(1-10枝)、Ⅱ级株丛(11-20枝)、Ⅲ级株丛(21-30枝)、Ⅳ级株丛(31-40枝)、V级株丛(40以上)5个株丛,研究了各株丛之间的格局控制关系和空间关联性.结果表明:Ⅲ和Ⅳ级狼毒株丛对其他狼毒株丛有一定的格局控制作用,尤其是Ⅳ级狼毒株丛对其他狼毒株丛格局控制的程度和尺度最大;Ⅳ级狼毒株丛在20cm尺度内和Ⅰ、Ⅱ以及Ⅴ级狼毒株丛表现出正关联,Ⅲ级狼毒株丛在0-10cm尺度上和Ⅰ级狼毒株丛表现为正关联.狼毒种群中两个形体大小越相近的株丛之间存在格局控制关系的可能性相对较小,尤其是在种群内处于劣势地位或受其他株丛格局控制的株丛之间存在格局控制关系的可能性更小,Ⅳ级狼毒株丛表现出较强的格局控制作用,同时对其他狼毒个体有保护作用,在种群内具有重要作用和地位.     

Determination of species-area relationships and minimum sampling area for the shrub communities in the arid valley in the upper reach of the Minjiang River, China

The minimum sampling areas (MSAs) for the shrub communities in the arid valley in the upper reach of the Minjiang River, China, were studied by fitting community species-area relationships using 3 types of equations. The MSAs were determined at the proportional factor (ρ) 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9. The proportional factors represent the proportion of the number of species within a sampling plot in the total number of species. The MSAs of the shrub communities at different elevations and on different slope faces for ρ = 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 were all around 100 m². Hence, the MSAs could be set to be 100 m² (10 m × 10 m) at 60%–80% precision levels. For ρ = 0.9, that is, for a 90% precision level, the MSAs were less than 200 m² (10 m × 20 m). The MSAs and species richness increased gradually with the rising elevation. At the elevation below 2000 m, the MSAs and species richness on the north-facing slope were larger than those on the south-facing slope. However, at the elevation around 2200 m, there was no difference amongst different facing slopes. For the shrub communities in the arid valley in the upper reach of the Minjiang River, the species-area curves by fitting the first two equations are better than that by fitting the third equation.     

天山北坡不同环境条件下雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)林限土壤属性

为了研究干旱区天山北坡中山带长达1000余公里的单建群种山地针叶林的空间分布原因,选择精河、玛纳斯、阜康和巴里坤中山带作为四种不同的环境条件,通过对不同环境条件雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)上、下限土壤的采样与分析,探讨土壤因素对天山北坡中山带雪岭云杉分布的控制作用.雪岭云杉在天山北坡的连续分布主要是水热组合条件和土壤因素相互作用的结果,上、下限土壤属性变化与环境条件变化间存在着紧密的联系,表现为降雨量丰富的玛纳斯林区土壤肥力较高,但CaCO3含量较低,而降雨量较小的巴里坤和精河林区土壤肥力较差,但CaCO3含量较高.虽然长达1000余公里的雪岭云杉中山带环境条件差异较大,但其土壤属性变化均在雪岭云杉发育所需土壤条件的允许范围之内,这主要是受土壤成土母质、不同海拔高度的降雨量、地形、局地环流等因素的共同影响.     

Development and validation of an isoform-independent monoclonal antibody–based ELISA for measurement of lipoprotein(a)

The study aims were to develop a new isoform-independent enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for the measurement of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], validate its performance characteristics, and demonstrate its accuracy by comparison with the gold-standard ELISA method and an LC-MS/MS candidate reference method, both developed at the University of Washington. The principle of the new assay is the capture of Lp(a) with monoclonal antibody LPA4 primarily directed to an epitope in apolipoprotein(a) KIV₂ and its detection with monoclonal antibody LPA-KIV9 directed to a single antigenic site present on KIV₉. Validation studies were performed following the guidelines of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments and the College of American Pathologists. The analytical measuring range of the LPA4/LPA-KIV9 ELISA is 0.27–1,402 nmol/L, and the method meets stringent criteria for precision, linearity, spike and recovery, dilutability, comparison of plasma versus serum, and accuracy. Method comparison with both the gold-standard ELISA and the LC-MS/MS method performed in 64 samples with known apolipoprotein(a) isoforms resulted in excellent correlation with both methods (r=0.987 and r=0.976, respectively). Additionally, the variation in apolipoprotein(a) size accounted for only 0.2% and 2.2% of the bias variation, respectively, indicating that the LPA4/LPA-KIV9 ELISA is not affected by apolipoprotein(a) size polymorphism. Peptide mapping and competition experiments demonstrated that the measuring monoclonal antibodies used in the gold-standard ELISA (a-40) and in the newly developed ELISA (LPA-KIV9) are directed to the same epitope, ⁴⁰⁷⁶LETPTVV⁴⁰⁸², on KIV₉. In conclusion, no statistically or clinically significant bias was observed between Lp(a) measurements obtained by the LPA4/LPA-KIV9 ELISA and those obtained by the gold-standard ELISA or LC-MS/MS, and therefore, the methods are considered equivalent.     

Isolation of simple and compound polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellites for the neotropical leaflitter frog Eleutherodactylus ockendeni (Leptodactylidae)

Few studies of population structure and genetic diversity exist for frogs in the Amazon of South America, an area renowned for exceptionally high species richness. We isolated seven highly variable tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the neotropical leaflitter frog, Eleutherodactylus ockendeni using an enrichment method. Three of the repeats are simple, three are compound and one is imperfect. We screened all loci with 175 individuals from one geographical area in the upper Napo of Ecuador and found high polymorphism in all loci (> 14 alleles/locus). These markers are suitable for population genetics studies of E. ockendeni and perhaps other leaflitter frogs of the same genus.     

Optimising the clinical strategy for autoimmune liver diseases: Principles of value-based medicine

Background

Autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis represent the three major autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs). Their management is highly specialized, requires a multidisciplinary approach and often relies on expensive, orphan drugs. Unfortunately, their treatment is often unsatisfactory, and the care pathway heterogeneous across different centers. Disease-specific clinical outcome indicators (COIs) able to evaluate the whole cycle of care are needed to assist both clinicians and administrators in improving quality and value of care. Aim of our study was to generate a set of COIs for the three AILDs. We then prospectively validated these indicators based on a series of consecutive patients recruited at three tertiary clinical centers in Lombardy, Italy.

Factors influencing depth distribution of soft bottom inhabiting Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. in Kiel Bay,Western Baltic

The kelp Laminaria saccharina dominates soft bottoms in 4–10 m depth in Kiel Bay. Experimental sporophytes transplanted to 2 and 5 m depth showed the typical annual growth pattern of Laminaria species. Surprisingly, 2 m plants died after the first resting phase, whereas 5 m plants survived and showed outgrowth of a new blade generation. Thalli at both depths were infected with the brown algal endophyte Streblonema aecidioides, with host deformations being significantly stronger in 2 m plants. Growth rates of infected sporophytes were reduced. Exclusion of UV light in 2 m depth resulted in less infected thalli. Discs excised from L. saccharina and cultivated in different photon fluence rates from 10–600 µmol m^–2 s^–1 did not differ in growth rate, photosynthesis or dark respiration. Hence, an exclusion of L. saccharina from shallow depths caused by high light cannot be concluded. We suggest the biological interaction with the endophyte S. aecidioides, amplified by UV light, to be most important for the exclusion of L. saccharina from shallow depths in the western Baltic.     

广西凤山、西林等地中三叠统上部双壳类分带研究*

讨论广西西部中三叠统上部的双壳类生物地层序列,建立5个化石带;并附述黔南和滇东南晚三叠世1个双壳类带.这些带自下而上为:(1) Daonella (Longidaonella) producta-D. americana 带,属晚安尼早中期;(2) D. moussoni 高峰带,属晚安尼晚期;(3) D. rieberi-D. indica 带,属早拉丁期;(4) D. kotoi-D. jilongensis 带,属晚拉丁早期;(5) Halobia subcomata-D. varifurcata带,属晚拉丁晚期;(6) H. rugosoides-H. bifurcata 带,属早卡尼期.文内简要描述了各带的主要标志化石23种.