2007－2012 年佛冈县稻飞虱灯下发生期及种群数量动态分析

明确佛冈县稻飞虱灯下发生期及灯诱种群数量动态,对当地稻飞虱的预测预报和防治工作具有重要意义.根据佛冈县2007-2012年白背飞虱和褐飞虱的灯诱数据,分析了该县白背飞虱和褐飞虱的灯下始见日、终见日、发生期及灯诱量等.结果表明在佛冈地区,白背飞虱和褐飞虱混合发生;白背飞虱的灯下始见日集中在3月底至4月上旬,明显比褐飞虱早一个月,终见日均在10月下旬,差别不大;稻飞虱在早稻和晚稻期间均会出现大小不一的灯诱高峰,早稻期间白背飞虱高峰期集中在5月中旬至6月中旬,褐飞虱灯诱高峰期较迟,主要在7月中旬前后;晚稻期间向背飞虱高峰期大多在9月上旬至10月上旬,褐飞虱高峰期在10月份;早稻期间,白背飞虱的灯诱量占绝对优势,晚稻期间褐飞虱的灯诱量上升,与白背飞虱灯诱量基本持平.因此,佛冈县稻飞虱的灯下发生期及种群数量动态在一定程度上可反映当地稻飞虱的发生情况.     

输尿管软镜结合输尿管硬镜治疗复杂上尿路结石的效果评价及对预后的影响

目的 探讨输尿管软镜协同输尿管硬镜治疗复杂上尿路结石的临床效果.方法 选择我院收治的复杂上尿路结石患者96例,按入院顺序分为对照组和观察组,每组48例.对照组采取输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石术治疗,观察组采取输尿管软镜协同输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石术治疗.比较两组患者1次性碎石成功率、结石彻底清除率、炎症反应情况以及生活质量、住院时...     

岷江上游地区人类活动强度及其特征

利用1∶25万国家基础地理信息数据,在ArcGIS支持下,基于地理学自相关理论,采用居民点、道路和地形因子等权重指标,实现岷江上游人类活动强度定量化的空间表达,并分析其空间特征。结果表明:岷江流域各个县域人类活动强度大小和分布均有差异,其中黑水县人类活动最为剧烈,且分布最为均匀;理县和茂县人类活动强度和分布均匀程度基本接近全流域的平均水平;靠近成都平原的汶川县,因卧龙保护区位于该区境内,使该县的人类强度降低,同时其人类活动的空间分布亦不均匀;松潘县地处北部,人类活动强度最低。本研究采用坡度、道路和居民点3个因子来定量化人类活动强度,反映了研究区人类活动强度及其空间分布特征,从而为进一步探讨景观格局演变提供了新的思路。     

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori for the prevention of peptic ulcer rebleeding

AIM: To evaluate the effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on ulcer bleeding recurrence in a prospective, long-term study including more than 400 patients. METHODS: Patients with peptic ulcer bleeding were prospectively included. H. pylori infection was confirmed by rapid urease test, histology or (13)C-urea breath test. Several eradication regimens were used. Ranitidine 150 mg was administered daily until eradication was confirmed by breath test 8 weeks after completing eradication therapy. Patients with therapy failure received a second or third course of therapy. Patients with eradication success did not receive maintenance anti-ulcer therapy, and were controlled yearly with a repeated breath test. RESULTS: Four hundred and twenty-two patients were followed up for at least 12 months, with a total of 906 patient-years of follow up. Mean age was 59 years, and 35% were previous nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) users. Sixty-nine percent had duodenal, 24% gastric, and 7% pyloric ulcer. Recurrence of bleeding was demonstrated in two patients at 1 year (incidence: 0.22% per patient-year of follow up), which occurred after NSAID use in both cases. CONCLUSION: Peptic ulcer rebleeding does not occur in patients with complicated ulcers after H. pylori eradication. Maintenance anti-ulcer (antisecretory) therapy is not necessary if eradication is achieved.     

Mus in Morocco: a Quaternary sequence of intraspecific evolution

North Africa is an intricate biogeographical region at the crossroads of immigration waves from tropical Africa and Asia. Species confined between various barriers (Atlas Mountains, arid environments such as the Sahara in the south, water masses such as the Mediterranean Sea in the north, and the Atlantic Ocean in the west) were generally forced to adapt locally to environmental changes instead of tracking their habitat by shifting their distribution area. The present study aims at providing first insight into the evolution of the genus Mus, and more specifically of the western Mediterranean species Mus spretus in this area. The study relies on the abundant Late Pleistocene and Middle Holocene fossil assemblage from the El Harhoura 2 cave (Rabat‐Témara, Morocco). This exceptional record was studied using geometric morphometrics applied to first upper and lower molars, constituting the most informative and best preserved fossil remains for such small rodents. Two main issues were addressed. (1) Geometric morphometrics was used to clarify taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships among fossil and modern species in this area. Morphometric analysis revealed good discrimination of most modern and fossil species but failed to document intermediate forms tracing anagenetic evolution. Not mutually exclusive, the occurrence of complex processes of morphological evolution in this genus such as parallel evolution and the action of stabilizing selection may make it difficult to translate patterns of morphological evolution into phylogenetic conclusions. (2) The record was shown to document a sequence of intraspecific evolution of M. spretus. The morphology of the molars through the fossil record of El Harhoura 2 was surprisingly stable despite extensive modern variation. The limited temporal variation largely failed to correlate to palaeoenvironmental proxies. The mouse fossil record at El Harhoura 2 thus presents an intriguing case of morphological stasis despite extensive environmental changes. This long‐term stability may have been recently perturbed by anthropogenic factors including landscape changes and introduction of various competitors and predators, leading to a size reduction. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 109 , 599–621.     

刺激面神经核背内侧区及腹内侧区对颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动的影响

在４４只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉、断双侧迷走神经的健康成年家兔上、观察电、化学刺激面神经核背内侧区和腹内侧区对颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动的影响。结果如下：（１）长串电脉冲刺激ｄＭＮＦ引起颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动明显增强;（２）短串电脉冲刺激ｄＭＦＮ,当刺激落用于吸气相时,引起颏舌肌和膈肌在呼气相的肌是有终止;（３）长串电脉冲刺激ｖＭＮＦ使颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动明显被抑制;（４）短中电脉冲刺激ｖＭＮＦ,当刺激落位有气相     

Can amphibians take the heat? Vulnerability to climate warming in subtropical and temperate larval amphibian communities

Predicting the biodiversity impacts of global warming implies that we know where and with what magnitude these impacts will be encountered. Amphibians are currently the most threatened vertebrates, mainly due to habitat loss and to emerging infectious diseases. Global warming may further exacerbate their decline in the near future, although the impact might vary geographically. We predicted that subtropical amphibians should be relatively susceptible to warming‐induced extinctions because their upper critical thermal limits (CT_max) might be only slightly higher than maximum pond temperatures (T_max). We tested this prediction by measuring CT_max and T_max for 47 larval amphibian species from two thermally distinct subtropical communities (the warm community of the Gran Chaco and the cool community of Atlantic Forest, northern Argentina), as well as from one European temperate community. Upper thermal tolerances of tadpoles were positively correlated (controlling for phylogeny) with maximum pond temperatures, although the slope was steeper in subtropical than in temperate species. CT_max values were lowest in temperate species and highest in the subtropical warm community, which paradoxically, had very low warming tolerance (CT_max–T_max) and therefore may be prone to future local extinction from acute thermal stress if rising pond T_max soon exceeds their CT_max. Canopy‐protected subtropical cool species have larger warming tolerance and thus should be less impacted by peak temperatures. Temperate species are relatively secure to warming impacts, except for late breeders with low thermal tolerance, which may be exposed to physiological thermal stress in the coming years.     

Thermal resistance and upper lethal temperatures of underyearling Lake Inari Arctic charr

Underyearling Arctic charr were acclimated to six temperatures between 6 and 21·5°C and thermal tolerance and resistance were tested after an acclimation period of at least 2 weeks. Resistance times were influenced by acclimation temperature and the highest upper incipient lethal temperature was 23–24°C. An upper limit for cultivation of Lake Inari charr is suggested to be 21°C which is the intercept of the function which represents the upper limit of the thermal tolerance zone.     

Effects of the head lift exercise on the swallow function: a systematic review

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00638.x Effects of the head lift exercise on the swallow function: a systematic review Objective: Ageing is associated with modifications in upper oesophageal sphincter function that may be deleterious to deglutition. The head lift exercise (Shaker exercise) is a head‐raising work out aiming to improve the opening of this segment, and ultimately to reduce aspiration. We aimed to review critically the evidence on the effects of this structured intervention programme and to identify gaps to be filled by future research. Material and Methods: We identified published reports addressing the effect of this exercise in increasing the anteroposterior diameter and cross‐sectional area of the deglutitive upper oesophageal sphincter opening or dysphagic symptoms. Results: Nine methodologically heterogeneous studies were included in the review, and the reported effects of the head lift exercise were an increase in the anterior excursion of the larynx and in the anteroposterior diameter of the upper oesophageal sphincter opening, and the elimination of dysphagic symptoms. Conclusion: Further studies including control groups and accounting for potential confounders are needed for a sound assessment of the effectiveness of this technique. The data on the functional results are, however, promising for dysphagia interventions.     

Anatomy and ultrastructure of epidermal cells in the haustorium of a parasitic flowering plant,Cuscuta japonica, during attachment to the host

Changes of epidermal cells in the haustorium of the parasiticCuscuta japonica during its attachment to the host plantimpatiens balsamina were studied with light and electron microscopy. In the transverse sections of dodder stems not in contact with the host, epidermal cells had rounded outlines. However, when haustorial initials developed in the cortex of the parasite stem at the contact site, the epidermal cells had more dense cytoplasm and conspicuous nuclei than before, and their outline was flat in the longitudinal section. As meristem cells developed from those initials, the epidermal cells became more elongated. When the haustorium was fully matured, the apical tips of the elongated epidermal cells at the contact site branched like toes, producing numerous projections via cell wall invaginations. This event caused spaces to form between the projections; coincidently, the surface area of the apical ends of the epidermal cells increased. The dense cytoplasm at those projections contained prominent nuclei and abundant other organelles, suggesting a active metabolism. Osmiophilic particles, releasing into the cell walls from the cytoplasm, were though to be associated with the loosening and elongating of the epidermal cell walls. Dense and homogeneous materials were secreted within the spaces between the projections. These materials could play an important role in cementing the haustorium onto the surface of the host organ.