樱胚珠发育调控基因PrseSTK在单瓣与重瓣花中的表达比较

用同源克隆方法,从日本晚樱（Prunus lannesiana）花芽中克隆出了PrseSTK基因的cDNA全长,GenBank登录号为GU332504。其包括1个共669 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码222个氨基酸和1个终止密码子。同源序列比对和分子系统进化分析表明,PrseSTK是拟南芥的STK同源基因,其编码蛋白的C末端拥有2个高度保守模体：AG motif Ⅰ和Ⅱ,属D类MADS-box转录因子。其在花器官中表达的组织特异性分析表明,在单瓣‘大岛樱’中,PrseSTK主要在雄蕊和雌蕊中表达;但在重瓣品种‘普贤像’中,其在萼片、雄蕊和叶化雌蕊中均有表达。其在2个品种4轮花器官中的表达呈现明显的差异,并与拟南芥STK基因表达的组织特异性也有一定的差别;其在花萼中的异位表达可能与重瓣品种萼筒异位子房的发育调控相关。     

Phytochrome in Norflurazon-treated seedlings of Pharbitis nil

The properties of phytochrome have been measured by dual-wavelength spectropho-tometry in the cotyledons of the short-day plant Pharbitis nil Choisy cv. Violet, where it is known to play a role in flower induction. In plants de-etiolated by a single white light period (4 h or longer), destruction of the far-red absorbing form of phytochrome (P_fr) was twice as rapid as after 10 min red light. A small fraction of P_fr was stable. After de-etiolation by a period of white light (6 h or longer) the rapid decrease of P_fr during the first 30 min was accompanied by a rapid increase of the red absorbing form of phytochrome (P_fr). This rapid increase of P_fr is probably due to dark reversion. Long term synthesis of phytochrome was inhibited by the presence of P_fr. Phytochrome synthesised in darkness showed the etiolated-plant type characteristics and underwent rapid destruction upon photoconversion to P_fr. The stable P_fr identified here is possibly that pool of phytochrome associated with the long term promotive process in flower induction, and the rapidly reverting P_fr is that pool associated with the night break inhibition of flowering.     

Allonia decandra: Floral remains of the tribeHamamelideae (Hamamelidaceae) from Campanian strata of southeastern USA

A single flower, detached anthers with in situ pollen grains, and isolated seeds from Campanian strata (Upper Cretaceous) of Georgia, southeastern USA, document the presence of plants assignable toHamamelidaceae in the Upper Cretaceous. The fossil flower is actinomorphic, pentacyclic and pentamerous. Irregular sepals are preserved as lobes of the floral cup, and petals are narrow, with parallel margins. The androecium has two whorls of functional stamens. Anthers are tetrasporangiate, dehisce through two valves, and have strongly elongate connective protrusions which converge over the center of the flower. The organizational and architectural features of the fossil document its affinity within subtribeLoropetalinae (Hamamelideae, Hamamelidoideae). Cladistic phylogenetic analyses using parsimony were conducted to explore the relationships between the fossil flower and extant genera of the tribeHamamelideae. The strict consensus of the four most parsimonious trees showsHamamelideae andLoropetalinae as well-supported monophyletic taxa. The fossil flower is clearly included within theLoropetalinae, and is placed as sister taxon to the southeastern Asian genusMaingaya. The occurrence of fossils assignable toLoropetalinae during the Campanian documents the existence ofHamamelidaceae with a level of floral organization and character evolution equivalent to that of extant genera, early in the evolutionary history of the family.     

Oviposition patterns in a predatory mite reduce the risk of egg predation caused by prey

Abstract 1. Predatory arthropods lay their eggs such that their offspring have sufficient prey at their disposal and run a low risk of being eaten by conspecific and heterospecific predators, but what happens if the prey attacks eggs of the predator? 2. The egg distribution and time allocation of adult female predatory mites Iphiseius degenerans as affected by predation of their eggs by prey, the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, were studied on sweet pepper plants. The predatory mites attack the first instar of thrips but all active stages of thrips are capable of killing the eggs of the predator; however the predatory mite is used for biological control of thrips. 3. The majority of predatory mite eggs was laid on the underside of leaves in hair tufts (domatia). During the experiment, females spent increasing amounts of time in flowers where they fed on pollen and thrips larvae. The risk of predation on predator eggs by thrips was lower on leaves than in flowers where the majority of thrips resides. Moreover, predation risk was higher outside leaf domatia than inside. 4. This suggests that predators avoid ovipositing in places with abundant prey to prevent their eggs from being eaten by thrips.     

红光与远红光比值对温室切花菊花‘神马’花芽分化进程的影响

以切花菊品种‘神马’(Chrysanthemum morifolium cv.‘Jingba’)为试材,设计红光(R:660±10 nm)与远红光(FR:730±10 nm)比值(R/FR)为0.5、2.5、4.5、6.5的LED照光处理,研究不同R/FR处理对菊花花芽分化进程、相对发育速率及花径的影响.结果表明:R/FR=6.5处理的菊花完成花芽分化进程所需时间最短,比R/FR=0.5处理下的菊花缩短了34 d.R/FR越大,菊花花芽分化的相对发育速率越大,完成花芽分化时,R/FR=6.5相对发育速率为R/FR=0.5的2倍.与花芽分化趋势一致,不同光质处理下的花径由大到小的R/FR顺序为:6.5＞4.5＞2.5＞0.5.本研究表明,R/FR=6.5能够显著促进菊花花芽分化进程和花径的生长.     

三角梅苞叶色彩参数和色素含量分析及蓝色转基因受体的筛选北大核心CSCD

三角梅作为重要的观赏植物颜色繁多,但缺乏稀有的蓝色。为筛选适合的蓝色转基因受体,明确不同品种三角梅苞片吸收利用DHM(二氢杨梅素)合成甜菜色素途径竞争产物(类黄酮色素)的潜在能力,该研究对红色、白色、黄色和紫色4大花色6个品种的三角梅苞片进行离体诱导培养,测定诱导培养后苞片色彩参数及色素含量变化,并进行相关性分析。结果显示:(1)三角梅苞片红绿色相值(a*)是决定苞片呈色的主要色彩参数,其色彩主要由甜菜色素和黄酮类色素决定,并以甜菜红素的影响最大。(2)除白色品种三角梅苞片中黄酮类色素含量大于甜菜色素含量外,其余品种苞片发育中甜菜色素含量均呈上升趋势,黄酮类色素呈下降趋势。(3)甜菜色苷含量与苞片a*值呈显著正相关关系,同时与苞片黄蓝色相值(b*)呈显著负相关关系;总黄酮含量与苞片b*值呈显著正相关关系,与苞片a*值呈极显著负相关关系。(4)经DHM体外诱导培养后,苞片总黄酮含量及占比在4个品种三角梅(‘新加坡大白’、‘宝老橙’、‘中国丽人’、‘黄蝶’)中明显升高,但各品种苞片总甜菜色素含量及占比均下降,并以‘新加坡大白’苞片中总黄酮含量上升幅度最大(65.77%),含量占比变化(增加26.91%)也为6个品种中最大。(5)灰色关联度综合分析显示,白色品种‘新加坡大白’与灰色关联度分析拟定的参考品种关联度最高(0.7444),表明三角梅品种中‘新加坡大白’可考虑作为蓝色转基因三角梅的受体品种。     

水蓼花大小在花序和个体上的变化及其与数量权衡关系研究

探讨一年生植物水蓼花大小在花序上和个体上的变化及花大小与花数量的权衡关系。在54株植物个体上随机选取一花序,在花序的基部、中部和顶部各选取1～2朵花,花大小(生物量)以基部最大(0.851mg),顶部最小(0.715mg),可能是由结构效应引起的。在每个体上随机采集4～20朵花,以其均值表示植物个体的花大小,花大小不随植物个体大小变化而变化。花朵展示和总花数均随个体增大而增加。在控制植物个体大小(地上部分营养器官生物量)后,没有发现花朵展示或花数量与花大小之间的权衡关系,表明个体资源水平的差异可能掩盖了花数量与大小间的权衡关系。     

Further studies on the effects of different auxins and cytokinins on flower formation in thin cell layers of Nicotiana tabacum: The effects of zeatin riboside, dihydrozeatin and dihydrozeatin riboside

Organogenesis in thin cell layers of Nicotiana tabacum L. was studied in relation to the effects of natural and synthetic auxins in combination with various cytokinins. All cytokinins tested, benzyladenine (BA), kinetin, zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR), N⁶-Δ²-isopentenyl) adenine (IPA), dihydrozeatin [(diH)Z] and dihydrozeatin riboside [(diH)ZR], seem to be active in flower bud formation. In addition to the initiation of flower buds, vegetative buds or roots were also formed on the explants in the presence of BA, Z or IPA as exogenous cytokinins. Only dihydrozeatin and its riboside stimulated the initation of flower buds alone (as is known for kinetin), especially if supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as exogenous auxin. A high number of explants with flower buds was also found with high cytokinin/2,4-D ratios. In these conditions the presence of (diH)Z yielded the higest number of flower buds per explant.     

Adaptations for nectar‐feeding in the mouthparts of long‐proboscid flies (Nemestrinidae: Prosoeca)

The insects with the longest proboscis in relation to body length are the nectar‐feeding Nemestrinidae. These flies represent important pollinators of the South African flora and feature adaptations to particularly long‐tubed flowers. The present study examined the morphology of the extremely long and slender mouthparts of Nemestrinidae for the first time. The heavily sclerotized tubular proboscis of flies from the genus Prosoeca is highly variable in length. It measures 20–47 mm in length and may exceed double the body length in some individuals. Proximally, the proboscis consists of the labrum–epipharynx unit, the laciniae, the hypopharynx, and the labium. The distal half is composed of the prementum of the labium, which solely forms the food tube. In adaptation to long‐tubed and narrow flowers, the prementum is extremely elongated, bearing the short apical labella that appear only to be able to spread apart slightly during nectar uptake. Moving the proboscis from resting position under the body to a vertical feeding position is accomplished in particular by the movements of the laciniae, which function as a lever arm. Comparisons with the mouthparts of other flower visiting flies provide insights into adaptations to nectar‐feeding from long‐tubed flowers. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ?? , ??–??.