片口自然保护区植被的遥感分类

采用样方法对四川片口自然保护区的植被进行本底调查,利用野外普查数据和卫星照片解译相结合的技术,分析其植被现状。结果表明：片口自然保护区的植被类型比较丰富,且保存较完整,共有6种植被类型和15种群系。     

Valvular endothelial cells and the mechanoregulation of valvular pathology

Endothelial cells are critical mediators of haemodynamic forces and as such are important foci for initiation of vascular pathology. Valvular leaflets are also lined with endothelial cells, though a similar role in mechanosensing has not been demonstrated. Recent evidence has shown that valvular endothelial cells respond morphologically to shear stress, and several studies have implicated valvular endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of disease. This review seeks to combine what is known about vascular and valvular haemodynamics, endothelial response to mechanical stimuli and the pathogenesis of valvular diseases to form a hypothesis as to how mechanical stimuli can initiate valvular endothelial dysfunction and disease progression. From this analysis, it appears that inflow surface-related bacterial/thrombotic vegetative endocarditis is a high shear-driven endothelial denudation phenomenon, while the outflow surface with its related calcific/atherosclerotic degeneration is a low/oscillatory shear-driven endothelial activation phenomenon. Further understanding of these mechanisms may help lead to earlier diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies.     

陕北黄土区陡坡地人工植被的土壤水分生态环境

通过定点土壤水分测定与对比分析,研究了陕北黄土区35～45°陡坡地人工植被的土壤水分亏缺状况、年际、年内动态变化规律、干燥化特征及其补偿恢复特征.结果表明:陡坡地多年生人工植被的土壤水分亏缺极为严重,贫水年0～10m土层贮水量仅相当于田间持水量的26.2%～42.0%,丰水年贮水量也仅占田间持水量的27.0%～43.3%;亏缺次序为:柠条>刺槐>苜蓿>侧柏>杨树>油松>荒坡>杏>枣>农地.年际间同一植被土壤水分含量的变化主要发生在200cm以上土层内, 变异程度随土壤深度的增加而减弱.同一生长季,各种植被0～120cm土层含水量的变异系数都较大,但植被间差异较小;120cm以下土层,变异系数较小,但植被间差异较大.陡坡地多年生植被均有永久干层存在,但深层土壤干燥化强度因植物种类和生长年限而存在明显的差异.雨季土壤水分的补偿和恢复深度为1.0～1.4m,但不同植被的土壤贮水增量和补偿度有较大差异.同一植被丰水年的雨水补偿深度比干旱年可增加60cm以上,5m土层贮水增量增加3倍以上.在自然降雨条件下,陡坡地多年生人工植被的土壤贮水亏缺状况不能得到改善, 土壤干化现象也不可能有所缓解.     

文峪河上游河岸带不同植被类型土壤nirS反硝化菌群结构及功能

以文峪河上游河岸带不同演替阶段的8种植被类型五花草甸(WH)、沙棘林(HR)、柳树林(SS)、山杨林(PC)、山杨白桦林(PQ)、山杨白桦落叶松林(PQL)、落叶松云杉林(LP)和云杉林(PM)土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术测定nirS反硝化细菌群落组成及相对丰度,乙炔抑制法测定反硝化酶活性(DEA)。对其土壤理化性质及反硝化细菌群落组成及相对丰度进行方差分析,采用冗余分析(RDA)和Spearman相关性分析不同植被类型及土层反硝化细菌群落结构及功能及土壤理化因子的关联性。结果表明:1)不同植被类型及土层土壤理化因子存在显著差异,柳树林(SS)0—15 cm土层硝态氮(NO~+_3-N)含量显著高于其他植被类型各土层;2)土壤反硝化菌群多样性指数在五花草甸(WH)、山杨白桦林(PQ)和云杉林(PM)中较其他植被类型高;3)沙棘林(HR)及柳树林(SS)反硝化酶活性(DEA)显著高于其他植被类型;4)不同植被类型反硝化优势菌群分布存在显著差异及特异性,如浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)仅在落叶松云杉混交林(LP)和云杉林(PM)植被类型15—30 cm土层中分布;5)土壤pH、土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)和硝态氮(NO~+_3-N)等是影响土壤反硝化细菌群落结构及组成的重要因子,其中土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量变化是导致土壤反硝化菌群多样性和反硝化酶活性差异的关键因子。本研究揭示了文峪河上游河岸带不同植被类型土壤反硝化细菌群落结构及功能的变化和分布特征,为进一步研究该区域河岸带氮素循环及水体污染防治提供重要参考依据。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀复合区几种树木蒸腾耗水特性

利用PT茎流仪、LI-6400光合测定系统和LI-1400气象工作站对黄土高原水蚀风蚀复合区河北杨、小叶杨和山杏3种树木生长季节树干液流特征、叶片蒸腾速率及其环境因子进行测定.结果表明:典型天气3种树种树干液流昼夜节律明显,夜晚有微弱的稳定的树干液流存在,单双峰规律不明显,3树种树干液流启动和停止时刻基本一致,树干液流速率启动时间为7:00左右,停止时间为20:40左右;3树种平均树干液流速率分别为(3.65±0.40)kg · h-1、(2.22±0.21)kg · h-1、(1.63±0.13)kg · h-1,日单株蒸腾耗水量分别为(49.29±5.42)kg、(30.64±2.92)kg、(22.19±1.73)kg;阴雨天气对树木蒸腾耗水影响较大;树干液流与环境因子日变化规律相吻合,树干液流启动和停止特征时刻滞后于各环境因子对应的特征时刻,但滞后时间长短不一,而峰值特征时刻则早于各环境因子对应的特征时刻;树干液流与光合有效辐射、大气温度、土壤温度及风速呈显著正相关,与大气相对湿度呈显著负相关,环境因子与树干液流速率相关性依次排序为:光合有效辐射＞大气温度＞大气相对湿度＞土壤温度＞风速.     

Spatial pattern of riparian vegetation in desert of the lower Tarim River basin

AimsRevealing the spatial pattern of riparian vegetation in hyper-arid regions can improve our understanding on the water relations of riparian vegetation in the desert watershed ecosystem, and also can provide valuable scientific guidance for desertification control and water resources management of watershed of the arid region in northwestern China. This research objective is to show the spatial distribution and structures of typical riparian vegetation in hyper-arid desert watershed from regional and overall perspective.Methods Based on Landsat-8 OLI remote sensing images and a large number of field vegetation surveys, the supervised classification method was used to distinguish three main vegetation categories in the lower Tarim River basin: Tamarix thicket, Populus euphratica woodland, and Phragmites australis grassland. The leaf area index (LAI) of Tamarix thickets and Populus euphratica woodlands were inverted by using the remote-sensed LAI inversion empirical model that we developed.Important findings Supervised classification supporting abundant information of ground objects by remote sensing was an effective method to determine desert riparian vegetation categories in arid desert regions. The area was 336.4 km² for the Populus euphratica woodlands and 405.3 km² for the Tamarix thickets, respectively. The Tamarix thickets had a wider distribution range while the Populus euphratica woodlands grew near the river channel. The overall LAI of the riparian vegetation was low. The average LAI value was 0.253 for the Tamarix thickets and 0.252 for the Populus euphratica woodlands. The areas of vegetation with the LAI value of less than 0.5 accounted for 92.4% and 90.1% of the total area of the Tamarix thickets and the Populus euphratica woodlands, respectively. The statistic results showed that large spatial variability of the riparian vegetation LAI existed. The spatial variability of the Populus euphratica woodlands was larger than that of the Tamarix thickets. The LAI values of the riparian vegetation had a significant negative exponential relationship with the distances away from the river channel. The LAI values declined rapidly within the distance of 1 km from the river channel and they were generally lower than 0.1 when the distances beyond 1 km, which indicated that the riparian vegetation was mainly distributed within 1 km from both side of the river. This research indicated three basic characteristics of the spatial pattern in riparian vegetation from hyper-arid desert regions, including overall sparse spatial distribution, high spatial variability and negative exponential relationship between LAI and distance away from the river channel.     

杉木林改造成乡土阔叶林对林下植物物种组成和多样性的影响

把杉木林改造成乡土阔叶林,不仅能提供高价值木材,而且能够提升生态系统服务功能,是我国目前改造退化针叶林最常见的经营模式之一,但这些改变对其林下植物物种组成和多样性的影响及机制我们尚知之甚少。以南亚热带杉木林采伐迹地上重新种植的杉木林、红锥林和米老排林为研究对象,调查研究其灌木层和草本层植物物种组成和多样性,结果表明：（1）和杉木林相比,改造后的红锥林和米老排林灌木层的植物物种丰富度和多样性均呈极显著降低（P<0.01）,但其草本层植物只有物种丰富度极显著降低（P<0.01）,多样性均无显著变化（P>0.05）;（2）主成分分析（PCA）表明改造后的林分灌木层和草本层的植物物种组成发生明显的变化,冗余分析（RDA）确定导致林分灌木层植物物种组成发生变化的主要原因是杉木林改造成红锥林和米老排林后的冠层透光率、土壤碳氮比、土壤含水量和凋落物碳氮比的显著变化,而冠层透光率和土壤碳氮比的显著变化是导致其林下草本层植物物种组成发生明显变异的主要因子;（3）方差分解结果显示微地形、乔木特性和土壤理化性质的独立效应对灌木层和草本层植物物种组成的影响高于它们的交互效应。该研究为科学经营管理人工林和提高人工林生态系统多功能性提供科学依据。     

黑河下游分水后的植被变化初步研究

黑河下游地区近年来由于河水注入量的持续减少,使得依赖河水补给的地下水相应减少,造成区域性地下水位下降,从而出现了一系列的生态环境问题,大面积湿地消失,天然植被全面衰败,土地盐化加剧,胡杨和沙枣林面积减少,并以老林为主,红柳灌丛也减少,并且多已成为稀疏矮化的群落。各种禾草草甸严重退化,多以演替成苦豆子群落。为了恢复和重建受损的下游生态系统,2000年7月开始,实施了黑河下游应急生态输水工程,水流于2002年7月17日流进黑河尾闾端的东、西居延海,使干涸10年的居延海重新受到水的滋润。作者根据近三年黑河下游分水前后地下水位和植被等项内容的监测资料,探讨了地下水位与天然植被生长的相互关系。研究结果表明：分水使得该地区生态环境有了较大的改善,地下水位普遍抬升,胡杨林得到恢复,灌木荒漠植被得到部分恢复,禾草草甸植被得到一定程度的恢复。     

关于杉木林下植被对改良土壤性质效用的研究

为了防治连栽杉木人工地力衰退,本文重点论述通过间代,增大林内透光度,降低林分郁闭度,林下植被,改良土壤理、化性质和提高生物活性。研究结果表明：在郁闭度０．７以下的林分中,林下植被发育迅速,间代４－５ａ后,每公顷生物量可达到４－５ｔ,有交地提高了土壤中营养元素含量,增加了土壤中三大类微生物数量,并使微生物类群也发生了明显的变化,有效地维护和恢复了土壤功能。     

江河源区高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸植物和土壤碳、氮储量对覆被变化的响应

以青海省果洛州藏族自治州甘德县青珍乡高山嵩草Kobresia pygmaea草甸轻度退化草地和重度退化草地为研究对象,通过植物地上部分主要功能群（禾草类、杂类草、莎草类）、植物根系和土壤碳、氮浓度及储量动态研究,结果表明：高寒小嵩草草甸轻度退化草地地上部分主要功能群碳、氮浓度和C∶N比值明显高于重度退化草地的浓度。同一草地类型主要功能群比较,碳、氮浓度依次为杂类草>禾草类>莎草类;植物地上部分的碳、氮浓度明显高于地下根系的碳、氮浓度。重度退化草地植物根系碳、氮浓度高于轻度退化草地植物根系碳、氮浓度。重度退化草地土壤总有机碳浓度显著低于轻度退化草地土壤总有机碳浓度,随着土层的加深碳、氮浓度有减少的趋势。江河源区高山嵩草草甸的土壤有机碳、氮储量最大,植物根系碳、氮储量居中,植物地上部分碳、氮储量最小。重度退化草地总有机碳储量（13554.3 g/m2）较轻度退化草地储量（14669.2 g/m2）下降7.60%。其中,0～40cm土壤层碳储量下降4.10%,植物根系碳储量下降59.97%,植物地上部分碳储量下降15.39%;重度退化草地总氮储量（3780.6 g/m2）较轻度退化草地储量（3352.7 g/m2）高12.76%,其中,0～40cm土壤中总氮储量高13.07%,植物根系全氮储量下降5509%,植物地上部分全氮下降16.00%。由于草地退化损失有机碳11149 kg/hm2,而全氮增加4278 kg/hm2。