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641.
This study focuses on patterns of communication and interaction for peer support, which develop among parents of screen-positive children in the socio-medical space created by the diagnostic uncertainty of newborn screening, the limitations of established patient support groups and the daily challenges of screen-positive care management. Based on semi-structured interviews conducted in 2015–2017 with 34 Israeli parents whose child is screen positive, we describe and analyze the spontaneous grouping of parents using the WhatsApp instant messaging service for smartphones. These self-help groups did not reflect an attempt to forge an alternative movement of de-medicalization but rather to provide satisfactory answers to shared problems of care management under diagnostic uncertainty. These self-help groups are further discussed as a form of biosociality and lay expertise where elements of communication such as simplicity, reciprocity, and deliberative democracy serve as a complementary mirror-image of the asymmetrical patient–doctor communication. 相似文献
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Andreas Ciroth Michael Srocka 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2008,13(3):265-277
Background, Aim and Scope Quite often there is need for precise and representative parameters in LCA studies. Probably the most relevant have direct
influence on the functional unit, whose definition is crucial in the conduct of any LCA. Changes in the functional unit show
directly in LCI and LCIA results. In comparative assertions, a bias in the functional unit may lead to a bias in the overall
conclusions. Since quantitative data for the functional unit, such as geometric dimensions and specific weight, often vary,
the question arises how to determine the functional unit, especially if a comparative assertion shall be representative for
a region or market. Aim and scope of the study is to develop and apply methods for obtaining precise and representative estimates
for the functional unit as one important parameter in an LCA study.
Materials and Methods Statistical sampling is applied in order to get empirical estimates for the weight of yoghurt cups, as a typical parameter
for the functional unit. We used a two-stage sampling design, with stratified sampling in the first stage and three different
sampling designs in the second stage, namely stratified, clustered, and a posteriori sampling. Sampling designs are motivated and described. In a case study, they are each used to determined a representative
weight for 150 g yoghurt cups in Berlin, at the point of sale and within a specific time. In the first sampling stage, food
markets are randomly selected, while in the second stage, yoghurt cups in these food markets are sampled. The sampling methods
are applicable due to newly available internet data. These data sources and their shortcomings are described.
Results The random sampling procedure yields representative estimates, which are compared to figures for market leaders, i.e. yoghurt
cups with very high occurrence in the supermarkets. While single types of yoghurt cups showed moderate uncertainty, representative
estimates were highly precise.
Discussion results show, for one, the performance of the applied statistical estimation procedures, and they show further
that adding more information in the estimation procedure (on the shape of the cup, on the type of plastic, on the specific
brand) helps reducing uncertainty.
Conclusions As conclusions, estimates and their uncertainty depend on the measurement procedure in a sensitive manner; any uncertainty
information should be coupled with information on the measurement procedure, and it is recommended to use statistical sampling
in order to reduce uncertainty for important parameters of an LCA study.
Recommendations and Perspectives Results for market leaders differed considerably from representative estimates. This implies to not use market leader data,
or data with a high market share, as substitute for representative data in LCA studies. Statistical sampling has been barely
used for Life Cycle Assessment. It turned out to be a feasible means for obtaining highly precise and representative estimates
for the weight of yoghurt cups in the case study, based on empirical analysis. Further research is recommended in order to
detect which parameters should best be investigated in LCA case studies; which data sources are available and recommended,
and which sampling designs are appropriate for different application cases.
ESS-Submission Editor: Seungdo Kim. PhD (kimseun@msu.edu) 相似文献
645.
The problems of controlling exotic species have been acknowledged as serious threats to an indigenous ecosystem as well as
to society. In response to these threats, various management programs of exotic species have been proposed for supporting
eradication in many regions. Although eradication is regarded as the first-best solution, such attempts have been unsuccessful
in reality due to mainly two factors: (1) stock-dependent catchability, and (2) uncertainties. This article demonstrates when
to aim at eradication through addressing an optimal adaptive management strategy in the framework of a bio-economic model
with the aforementioned factors. The study sets out that the sensitivity of catchability in response to a change in the existing
stock determines whether or not aiming at eradication is justified. The results also show that process uncertainty associated
with stock growth significantly affects the timing of removal actions for eradication, and an increase in the degree of uncertainty
could help achieve eradication in a cost–effective manner if we optimally adapt our removal actions to the uncertainty. 相似文献
646.
Félix Forest Keith A. Crandall Mark W. Chase Daniel P. Faith 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2015,370(1662)
Evolutionary studies have played a fundamental role in our understanding of life, but until recently, they had only a relatively modest involvement in addressing conservation issues. The main goal of the present discussion meeting issue is to offer a platform to present the available methods allowing the integration of phylogenetic and extinction risk data in conservation planning. Here, we identify the main knowledge gaps in biodiversity science, which include incomplete sampling, reconstruction biases in phylogenetic analyses, partly known species distribution ranges, and the difficulty in producing conservation assessments for all known species, not to mention that much of the effective biological diversity remains to be discovered. Given the impact that human activities have on biodiversity and the urgency with which we need to address these issues, imperfect assumptions need to be sanctioned and surrogates used in the race to salvage as much as possible of our natural and evolutionary heritage. We discuss some aspects of the uncertainties found in biodiversity science, such as the ideal surrogates for biodiversity, the gaps in our knowledge and the numerous available phylogenetic diversity-based methods. We also introduce a series of cases studies that demonstrate how evolutionary biology can effectively contribute to biodiversity conservation science. 相似文献
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