Calcium Signaling Controls Pathogenic Th17 Cell-Mediated Inflammation by Regulating Mitochondrial Function

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单核细胞趋化蛋白-1、高迁移率族蛋白B1与 溃疡性结肠炎患者肠道菌群变化的相关性

目的探讨单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)与溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者肠道菌群变化的相关性。方法选取2016年9月-2018年1月遂宁市中心医院收治的98例UC患者资料,根据Mayo评分系统将UC患者分为活动期组(n=50)和缓解期组(n=48)。选取同期进行体检的健康人50例作为对照组。比较各组间肠道菌群,血清MCP-1、HMGB1水平,并进行Pearson相关分析。结果活动期组患者肠道乳杆菌、双歧杆菌含量[(5.34±0.87)、(5.81±0.83)CFU/g]显著低于缓解期组和对照组[(8.07±0.86)、(8.35±0.88)CFU/g;(8.13±0.91)、(8.46±0.95)CFU/g](F=12.035,P0.001;F=10.472,P0.001),大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌含量[(11.75±1.24)、(7.91±0.92)、(5.26±0.62)CFU/g]显著高于缓解期组和对照组[(7.92±1.09)、(4.94±0.61)、(3.30±0.52)CFU/g;(7.64±1.02)、(4.83±0.56)、(3.14±0.47)CFU/g](F=10.815,P0.001;F=9.796,P0.001;F=9.713,P0.001),缓解期组和对照组研究对象各肠道菌群比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。活动期组和缓解期组患者血清MCP-1、HMGB1水平[(267.42±23.51)、(21.35±2.26)ng/mL;(188.15±20.73)、(6.28±1.38)ng/mL]显著高于对照组[(106.38±15.92)、(2.13±0.41)ng/mL](F=84.163,P0.001;F=25.386,P0.001);活动期组患者血清MCP-1、HMGB1水平[(267.42±23.51)、(21.35±2.26)ng/mL]显著高于缓解期组[(188.15±20.73)、(6.28±1.38)ng/mL](t=17.676、39.641,均P0.05)。经过Pearson相关性分析,MCP-1、HMGB1与UC患者乳杆菌、双歧杆菌含量呈负相关(r=-0.715、-0.659,r=-0.703、-0.614,均P0.001),与大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌含量呈正相关(r=0.783、0.702,r=0.762、0.735,r=0.653、0.612,均P0.001)。结论 MCP-1、HMGB1作为促炎因子可介导肠黏膜炎性反应,引起UC患者肠道菌群紊乱。     

Construction of a Model Culture System of Human Colonic Microbiota to Detect Decreased Lachnospiraceae Abundance and Butyrogenesis in the Feces of Ulcerative Colitis Patients

Compositional alteration of the gut microbiota is associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). Here, a model culture system is established for the in vitro human colonic microbiota of UC, which will be helpful for determining medical interventions. 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing confirms that UC models are successfully developed from fecal inoculum and retain the bacterial species biodiversity of UC feces. The UC models closely reproduce the microbial components and successfully preserve distinct clusters from the healthy subjects (HS), as observed in the feces. The relative abundance of bacteria belonging to the family Lachnospiraceae significantly decreases in the UC models compared to that in HS, as observed in the feces. The system detects significantly lower butyrogenesis in the UC models than that in HS, correlating with the decreased abundance of Lachnospiraceae. Interestingly, the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae does not correlate with disease activity (defined as partial Mayo score), suggesting that Lachnospiraceae persists in UC patients at a decreased level, irrespective of the alteration in disease activity. Moreover, the system shows that administration of Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI restores butyrogenesis in the UC model. Hence, the model detects deregulation in the intestinal environment in UC patients and may be useful for simulating the effect of probiotics.     

Expansion of Bacteriophages Is Linked to Aggravated Intestinal Inflammation and Colitis

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Fasting-Mimicking Diet Modulates Microbiota and Promotes Intestinal Regeneration to Reduce Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathology

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芍药苷对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠道屏障功能和ERK信号通路的影响

摘要 目的：探究芍药苷对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）发生过程中肠道屏障功能和ERK信号通路的影响。方法：将24只7-8周龄SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组：正常组（Normal组,未造模及给药的大鼠）、模型组（Model组,100 mg/kg TNBS给药造模）、低剂量芍药苷组（LPF组,100 mg/kg TNBS +10 mg/kg芍药苷给药处理）和高剂量芍药苷组（HPF组,100 mg/kg TNBS +100 mg/kg芍药苷给药处理）,每组6只大鼠。对大鼠推注5%三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）进行UC大鼠造模,然后灌胃指定浓度的芍药苷,连续处理14 d。通过苏木精伊红（HE）染色进行组织病理学观察,通过阿尔辛蓝（AB）染色计算结肠粘液层厚度。通过ELISA法检测结肠组织中细胞因子（IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-10）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）和粘蛋白（MUC2和MUC5AC）的水平。通过免疫组化检测各组大鼠结肠组织中IL-6和IL-10的蛋白表达。通过Western blotting分析蛋白激酶Cα（PKCα）、p-PKCα、ERK1/2和p-ERK1/2的蛋白表达。结果：与Model组（8.38±0.42 cm）相比,LPF组（9.88±0.49 cm）和HPF组（10.92±0.55 cm）UC大鼠的结肠长度显著增加（P<0.05）。与Model组（22.54±1.13 μm）相比,LPF组（41.07±2.05 μm）和HPF组（50.33±2.52 μm）UC大鼠结肠粘液层厚度显著增加（P<0.05）。与Model组相比,LPF组和HPF组UC大鼠的结肠形态明显改善,结肠组织中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和MPO的水平显著降低,而IL-10显著升高（P<0.05）。与Model组相比,LPF组和HPF组UC大鼠结肠组织中MUC2和MUC5AC水平均显著升高,p-PKCα和p-ERK1/2的磷酸化水平也显著升高（P<0.05）。结论：芍药苷抑制了TNBS诱导的UC大鼠结肠炎症并增加了结肠粘液层厚度,从而保护了肠道屏障功能,其机制可能与ERK信号通路的激活有关。     

Mulberry juice freeze-dried powder attenuates the disease severity by the maintaining of colon mucosa in mice with DSS-induced acute colitis

This study aimed to evaluate the microbial compositions and gene expression related to inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis and the effect of mulberry supplementation. Male BALB/c mice received a diet supplemented with mulberry juice freeze-dried powder (MFP) or not for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, the mice received water containing 5% (w/v) DSS or not for 1 week. The disease activity index score in mice fed MFP was significantly decreased. A significant decrease in Bifidobacterium spp. and the Clostridium perfringens subgroup was observed in mice not fed MFP. The number of goblet cell and NLRP6 expression were observed in mice fed a diet supplemented with MFP compared with mice not fed MFP. These results may indicate that mulberry mitigates DSS-induced acute colitis by a changing the gut microbial flora and by improving mucosal conditions.     

Effects of alpha lipoic acid and its derivative “andrographolid-lipoic acid-1” on ulcerative colitis: A systematic review with meta-analysis of animal studies

We aimed to review and meta-analyze the inflammatory and oxidative factors following alpha lipoic acid (ALA) and its derivative “andrographolid-lipoic acid-1” (AL-1) in ulcerative colitis (UC). ALA plays an important role in scavenging intracellular radicals and inflammatory elements. AL-1 is found in herbal medicines with potent anti-inflammatory properties. Data were collected from the Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Evidence-based medicine/clinical trials, and Cochrane library database until 2017, which finally resulted in 22 animal studies (70 rats and 162 mice). The beneficial effects of ALA or AL-1 on the most important parameters of UC were reviewed; also, studies were considered separately in mice and rats. Administration of ALA and AL-1 significantly reduced the tumor necrosis factor-α level compared with the controls, while data were not noteworthy in the meta-analysis (mean differences = −18.57 [95% CI = −42.65 to 5.51], P = 0.13). In spite of insignificant decrease in meta-analysis outcomes (differences = 6.92 [95% CI = −39.33 to 53.16], P = 0.77), a significant reduction in myeloperoxidase activity was shown following ALA or AL-1 treatment compared with the controls. Despite significant differences in each study, we had to exclude some studies to homogenize data for meta-analyzing as they showed insignificant results. Interleukin 6, cyclooxygenase-2, glutathione, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, histopathological score, macroscopic and microscopic scores, disease activity index, body weight change, and colon length were also reviewed. Most studies have emphasized on significant positive effects of ALA and AL-1. Comprehensive clinical trials are obligatory to determine the precious position of ALA or AL-1 in the management of UC.     

Identification of highly selective type II kinase inhibitors with chiral peptidomimetic tails

Identification of highly selective type II kinase inhibitors is described. Two different chiral peptidomimetic scaffolds were introduced on the tail region of non-selective type II kinase inhibitor GNF-7 to enhance the selectivity. Kinome-wide selectivity profiling analysis showed that type II kinase inhibitor 7a potently inhibited Lck kinase with great selectivity (IC₅₀ of 23.0 nM). It was found that 7a and its derivatives possessed high selectivity for Lck over even structurally conserved all Src family kinases. We also observed that 7a inhibited Lck activation in Jurkat T cells. Moreover, 7a was found to alleviate clinical symptoms in DSS-induced colitis mice. This study provides a novel insight into the design of selective type II kinase inhibitors by adopting chiral peptidomimetic moieties on the tail region.