西藏高山草原AM真菌生态分布

对西藏高原37种草地植物(建群种或常见种)70个带根土样的AM真菌进行了研究.结果表明:1)在所分离到的5属35种AM真菌中,球囊霉属、无梗囊霉属、盾巨孢囊霉属真菌分别为18、9、6种,内养囊霉属、类球囊霉属各1种.其中,藏南、藏北草原AM真菌分别为4属23种、4属22种,Shannon指数分别为2.31和2.75,但藏北草原AM真菌孢子密度、种的丰度显著高于藏南.2)不同生态区域AM真菌呈共有种较少、特有种较多、优势种差异较大的分布特征.3)高寒草原、山地草甸、高寒草甸草原AM真菌Shannon指数分别为1.91、1.83、1.80,呈严重退化态势的温性草原仅为1.64;海拔4000～4600 m地带,种的丰度最高,海拔4600～5220 m 地带,真菌Shannon指数和物种均匀度最高,分别为2.42和0.79;4)球-囊霉属真菌在不同海拔段均为优势属,但在海拔＜4000 m地带相对多度较高;无梗囊霉属主要分布于海拔＞4000 m地带;盾巨孢囊霉属主要分布于海拔3500～5220 m地带;类球囊霉属主要见于海拔4000～5220 m的藏北高寒草甸草原,少量见于高寒草原环境;内养囊霉属仅见于海拔3500～3700 m的藏南温性草原.     

重庆机场草地土壤动物群落特征及其与鸟类关系的初步研究

对重庆机场草地土壤动物群落的组成,结构和时空动态特征进行了比较研究,初步分析了土壤动物与机场鸟类在种类和数量上的动态关系。结果表明：土壤动物的优势类群为蜱螨目;常见类群多为大,中型土壤动物,是鸟类捕食的主要对象;活动性弱的小型土壤动物是幼虫主要分布在土壤和腐质层中,且群落的多样性和稳定性较高;     

不同寄主来源的根虫瘟霉菌株对小菜蛾幼虫的毒力比较

在不同寄主来源的4株根虫瘟霉Zoophthora radicans对小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella 2龄幼虫的生物测定中,发现源于小菜蛾的菌株ARSEF1100毒力最强,在0.53～319.32/mm²的孢子剂量下,接种后第8 天累计死亡率为2.38%～97.44%,虫尸全部表现典型的虫瘟霉症状;源于叶蝉的ARSEF2699和F99101菌株的同日累计死亡率分别为2.38%～50.00% (剂量为1.56～314.84/mm²孢子)和2.38%～57.89% (剂量为1.84～484.08/mm²的孢子);而源于菜粉蝶的ARSEF1342菌株在3.54～633.0/mm²的孢子剂量下只引发6.52%～13.63%的累计死亡率,后3个菌株致死的小菜蛾幼虫仅部分表现典型症状。所获数据经时间剂量-死亡率模型模拟分析,剂量效应参数依次为ARSEF1100 (1.89) > F99101 (1.48) > ARSEF2699 (1.23) > ARSEF1342 (0.37),相互间差异均达极显著水平。接种后4～8 天内,ARSEF1100的LD₅₀值分别为231.68、113.08、71.41、40.87和35.30/mm²的孢子,其毒力远高于其余3个菌株;ARSEF2699的相应LD₅₀值为1344.43、922.39、555.58、410.06和397.07/mm²的孢子;F99101的LD₅₀值为666.86、451.64、413.82、350.65和332.57/mm²的孢子,而ARSEF1342的毒力太弱难以估计。这些结果表明,ARSEF1100菌株最有希望用于小菜蛾的微生物防治。     

内蒙古地区羊草草原植被对温度变化的动态响应

 1981～1994年连续14年内蒙古羊草草原温度随时间变化结果显示,该区域温度变化具有不对称性,冬季最低均温升高明显,而最高温及平均温度无明显增加趋势。羊草草原气候的变化主要表现在冬季最低温的增加,而不是平均温度的增加。羊草群落的结构和功能对冬季最低均温变化的响应研究表明,随着冬季最低均温的升高,阿尔泰狗哇花(Heteropappus altaicus)和冰草(Agropyron michnoi)的重要值及地上初级生产力将明显增加,而寸草苔(Cares duriuscula)则呈下降趋势,作为群落主要优势种的羊草(Leymus chinensis)和大针茅(Stipa grandis)及其它优势植物对冬季最低均温变化反应不明显。同时,群落的生物多样性指数(Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数)、物种饱和度及地上初级生产力对冬季最低均温也均无显著相关,14年间冬季最低均温的变化并没有对群落的结构和功能产生明显影响。然而,因寸草苔和冰草等少数优势植物对冬季最低均温变化反应的敏感,温度变化的幅度增加或时间延续很可能造成少数优势种在群落中地位的改变,进而可能导致羊草群落结构和功能的变化。这表明在进行气候变化的模拟和模型研究时,不能仅简单地考虑平均温度增加的情况,而应确定主导影响因子,从而了解草原生态系统对全球变化的响应,选取适宜的模型参数。     

Nitrogen economy of alpine plants on the north Tibetan Plateau: Nitrogen conservation by resorption rather than open sources through biological symbiotic fixation

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important factors limiting plant productivity, and N fixation by legume species is an important source of N input into ecosystems. Meanwhile, N resorption from senescent plant tissues conserves nutrients taken up in the current season, which may alleviate ecosystem N limitation. N fixation was assessed by the ¹⁵N dilution technique in four types of alpine grasslands along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients. The N resorption efficiency (NRE) was also measured in these alpine grasslands. The aboveground biomass in the alpine meadow was 4–6 times higher than in the alpine meadow steppe, alpine steppe, and alpine desert steppe. However, the proportion of legume species to community biomass in the alpine steppe and the alpine desert steppe was significantly higher than the proportion in the alpine meadow. N fixation by the legume plants in the alpine meadow was 0.236 g N/m², which was significantly higher than N fixation in other alpine grasslands (0.041 to 0.089 g N/m²). The NRE in the alpine meadows was lower than in the other three alpine grasslands. Both the aboveground biomass and N fixation of the legume plants showed decreasing trends with the decline of precipitation and soil N gradients from east to west, while the NRE of alpine plants showed increasing trends along the gradients, which indicates that alpine plants enhance the NRE to adapt to the increasing droughts and nutrient‐poor environments. The opposite trends of N fixation and NRE along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients indicate that alpine plants adapt to precipitation and soil nutrient limitation by promoting NRE (conservative nutrient use by alpine plants) rather than biological N fixation (open sources by legume plants) on the north Tibetan Plateau.     

甘肃马鹿夏冬季在祁连山高山草地的放牧行为

为了揭示甘肃马鹿放牧行为的季节差异及其与草地状况和气候等因素的关系,夏季和冬季在祁连山高山草地进行了观察研究。夏季,甘肃马鹿在灌丛中的采食速度从出牧到午间逐渐加快,午后至归牧变化趋势不明显;觅食速度日动态呈增加趋势;每步采食口数上午逐渐增大,午间最高,下午逐渐减少;在不同草地中,甘肃马鹿活动时间的长短依次为灌丛草地>莎草地>禾草地,采食速度依次为禾草地>莎草地>灌丛草地,觅食速度依次为莎草地>禾草地>灌丛草地,每步采食口数依次为禾草地>灌丛草地>莎草地;采食/反刍时间比2.4,1d反刍4次,反刍前后均采食,归牧前有1次采食高峰。冬季,马鹿的采食速度和每步采食口数日变化呈凸抛物线型,午间最高,采食速度与气温显著正相关;觅食速度的日变化呈凹抛物线,午间最低,与气温显著负相关;采食/反刍时间比为4.0,1d反刍2次,归牧前反刍时间较长,其后不再采食。冬季,马鹿的采食时间、反刍时间、采食速度、觅食速度、反刍咀嚼速度、每食团咀嚼次数和反刍总食团数比夏季低,采食行为的日动态较夏季稳定,但反刍行为的个体间差异高于夏季。     

Is the removal of aboveground shrub biomass an effective technique to restore a shrub‐encroached grassland?

Encroachment of woody plants into grasslands is a global phenomenon that has substantial impacts on pastoral productivity and ecosystem services. Over the past half century, pastoralists and land management agencies have explored various options to control woody plants in order to improve ecosystem services in shrub‐encroached grasslands. We examined the effectiveness of controlling the encroachment of the shrub Caragana microphylla into grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. We cut and removed all of the aboveground biomass from 450 shrubs, predicting that the effectiveness of this technique to control shrubs would depend on shrub morphology. Specifically, we expected that larger shrubs with more biomass would be more difficult to kill by cutting than smaller shrubs. A year after treatment, we found that cutting killed only 11% of the 450 treated shrubs, and of these, three‐quarters of the locations that they occupied reverted to grasses and one‐quarter to bare soil. Shrubs that survived the cutting treatment produced more stems and leaf biomass, and therefore had a greater leaf to stem ratio. Shrubs that died after cutting had a lower crown area and basal area, and less stem biomass than shrubs that resprouted within 12 months of cutting. There were no effects of shrub height on the fate of treated shrubs. Cutting had no effect on understory plant cover or richness, but reproductive plants were taller under shrubs that were not cut. Overall, our study showed that removing aboveground shrub biomass by cutting is an ineffective technique for “restoring” the original grassland community unless shrubs are very small. Strategic targeting of small shrubs would be a more effective technique for controlling the spread of C. microphylla in the long term.     

中国牧区草地移动性利用的丧失和重建

草地利用移动性的丧失导致生态系统退化,是草地放牧生态学领域兴起的主导性学说.在我国,草地利用移动性的丧失不仅是政策变化导致的,更是众多自然和社会因素叠加演进的结果.草地利用移动性的重建对于中国草地恢复和可持续性管理具有重要意义,但是很难通过恢复传统或季节性轮牧的途径实现.我们可以依托智能围栏、牲畜智能可穿戴设备以及草地...     

乌鲁木齐山地草地生态系统服务价值变化评估——基于遥感与GIS

草地生态系统服务功能是指草地生态系统及其生态过程所形成和维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境及其有效性,中国干旱半干旱地区的草地退化严重制约着生态系统服务功能的。以乌鲁木齐市山地草地为研究靶区,利用遥感图像(Landsat TM/OLI)划分出7种不同草地类型并计算其生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Values, ESV)。使用空间统计方法、网格分析、空间自相关等方法进一步分析研究区山地草地退化程度和ESV变化。结果表明:21年中,乌鲁木齐市草地生态系统服务价值呈现波动性下降趋势,年均减少0.27×10~7元。生态损失主要是由山地荒漠草地(7.44%)、山地荒漠草原草地(10.71%)、山地草甸草原草地(18.32%)和高寒草甸草地(40.69%)退化造成。单项生态系统服务价值中,草地对调节服务(土壤形成)和供给服务的贡献率较高。草地ESVs Moran平均值为0.869(1994—2015年),并且草地ESV与相邻网格(2 km×2 km)具有更高的空间相关性。草地ESV具有明显的空间分布特征,高ESV区基本上分布在南山山区,低ESV区主要分布在平原草地区,博格达山草地亚区呈现随机分布格局。研究区气候变化对草地的影响十分显著,平均气温、平均地表温度、湿度、蒸散量、降水量和风速对草地ESV变化均有一定的影响,过度放牧、不合理垦荒、药用植物过度开发、城市化等人为活动仍然是驱动草地退化的主要因子,因此亟需采取措施保育乌鲁木齐市山地草原生态系统。     

刈割制度对呼伦贝尔草原群落特征及牧草质量的影响

为确定呼伦贝尔草原高效生产和可持续利用的最佳刈割制度,于2019—2021年在呼伦贝尔草原开展刈割时间(7月31日、8月10日、8月20日、8月30日、9月9日)、留茬高度(3、9、15 cm)及两者交互作用对草原群落特征、牧草产量和品质影响的研究。结果表明: 较晚时间刈割和低留茬刈割会降低翌年群落高度和盖度;低留茬刈割降低翌年地上部分生物量,但刈割时间对其影响不显著。禾草、莎草相对生物量随刈割时间的延迟表现出先增加后减少的趋势,杂类草则与之相反,而豆科植物无明显变化。低留茬刈割在当年能够获得高的干草产量,但翌年的干草产量显著下降;8月30日,留茬3 cm刈割时干草产量达到最高值(469 g·m^-2),高于最低值361.5%。牧草品质中粗蛋白含量在8月30日刈割时亦达到峰值,高于最低值约6.5%,且在高留茬刈割下含量更高;酸、中性洗涤纤维含量随刈割时间延迟逐渐升高,9月9日刈割高于7月31日8.0%、5.9%,并且随留茬高度增加而降低。呼伦贝尔草原刈割制度设置为留茬高度9 cm左右、8月20—30日刈割为最佳,但需更长期的刈割试验观测才能得到更可靠、更客观的结论。