CX3CL1 induces cell migration and invasion through ICAM-1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells

Human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been associated with a relatively low survival rate over the years and is characterized by a poor prognosis. C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) has been involved in advanced migratory cells. Overexpressed CX3CL1 promotes several cellular responses related to cancer metastasis, including cell movement, migration and invasion in tumour cells. However, CX3CL1 controls the migration ability, and its molecular mechanism in OSCC remains unknown. The present study confirmed that CX3CL1 increased cell movement, migration and invasion. The CX3CL1-induced cell motility is upregulated through intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in OSCC cells. These effects were significantly suppressed when OSCC cells were pre-treated with CX3CR1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and small-interfering RNA (siRNA). The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis activates promoted PLCβ/PKCα/c-Src phosphorylation. Furthermore, CX3CL1 enhanced activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity. The CX3CR1 mAb and PLCβ, PKCα, c-Src inhibitors reduced CX3CL1-induced c-Jun phosphorylation, c-Jun translocation into the nucleus and c-Jun binding to the ICAM-1 promoter. The present results reveal that CX3CL1 induces the migration of OSCC cells by promoting ICAM-1 expression through the CX3CR1 and the PLCβ/PKCα/c-Src signal pathway, suggesting that CX3CL1-CX3CR1-mediated signalling is correlated with tumour motility and appealed to be a precursor for prognosis in human OSCC.     

Pan-Cancer analyses of Necroptosis-Related genes as a potential target to predict immunotherapeutic outcome

Necroptosis is a unique programmed death mechanism of necrotic cells. However, its role and specific mechanism in cancer remain unclear, and a systematic pan-cancer analysis of necroptosis is yet to be conducted. Thus, we performed a specific pan-cancer analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases to analyse necroptosis expression in terms of cancer prognosis, DNA methylation status, tumour mutative burden, microsatellite instability, immune cell infiltration in different types of cancer and molecular mechanisms. For the first time, we explored the correlation between necroptosis and immunotherapy prognosis. Thus, our study provides a relatively comprehensive understanding of the carcinogenicity of necroptosis in different types of cancer. It is suggested that necroptosis can be used to evaluate the sensitivity of different patients to immunotherapy and may become a potential target for tumour immunotherapy.     

Detection of renal cell carcinoma-associated markers via proteome- and other 'ome'-based analyses.

Proteome analysis has rapidly developed in the post-genome era and is now widely accepted as the complementary technology for genetic profiling. It has been shown to be a powerful tool for studying human diseases and for identifying novel prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic markers. This review focuses on the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for renal cell carcinoma using different 'ome'-based technologies.     

Mutations in tumour suppressor genes,l(2)gl andl(2)gd,alter the expression ofwingless inDrosophila

To understand the roles of two well known tumour suppressor genes.l(2)gl andl(2)gd in normal imaginal disc development inDrosophila, we have initiated a study to examine effect of mulations of these genes on the expression of genes involved in the patterning of the imaginal discs. In this study we show that the expression ofwingless, theDrosophila orthologue of the mammalian oncogeneWnt, is affected in the imaginal discs ofl(2)gl ⁴ andl(2)gd ¹ mutant individuals. In the tumourous wing imaginal discs froml(2)gl mutant larvae, the pattern ofwingless expression was progressively disrupted with an increase in the area of expression, Tumourous wing imaginal discs froml(2)gd homozygous individuals exhibited progressive broadening and extension of the wingless expressing domains. We suggest thatl(2)gl andl(2)gd might be involved in regulating post embryonic expression ofWingless.     

Phyllodes tumour: cytologic and histologic presentation of 22 cases, and immunohistochemical demonstration of p53

A retrospective study of 22 cases of phyllodes tumour (PT) was undertaken to evaluate the potential value of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in the diagnosis of benign and borderline PT. Histological material was available from 12 patients with typical benign PT (group 1), six patients with less typical changes (group 2) and four cases of borderline PT (group 3). Cytological presentation of PT in these cases was similar to that described by other cytologists, although abundant cellular material was obtained in only eight FNAs, naked nuclei were present in nine cases only, and atypical or suspicious cytological features were found in seven cases. Comparative analysis of p53 was made in nine patients with PT, five cases with other benign breast lesions and five with malignant lesions. p53 reaction was positive in five of nine patients with PT (all cases from groups 2 and 3), compared with two of five cases of carcinoma. p53 was negative in all patients with PT from group 1 and the five other benign cases. We suggest that cytopathologists should be careful when a myxoid stromal component is present in cytological smears.     

Vaccination against Babesia bovis: T cells from protected and unprotected animals show different cytokine profiles

Vaccination of cattle against the haemoprotozoun parasite, Babesia bovis, with the recombinant antigen 11C5 resulted in 9 of 15 cattle being protected against challenge infection. The cellular immune responses of protected and unprotected cattle were compared in order to identify differences in response. No differences were observed in the pattern of change in various blood leukocyte populations throughout challenge infection. FACScan analysis revealed an increase in the proportion of cells bearing the CD2 marker in both protected and unprotected cattle over the course of infection. There were no observable differences in the frequency of various cell-surface markers between the unprotected and protected cattle. During the period of patent parasitaemia, in vitro cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from protected cattle produced significantly more TNF- (P < 0.05) than cultures from unprotected cattle. TNF- concentrations remained at pre-challenge levels until day 10, when levels in the unvaccinated control and vaccinated/unprotected animals dropped. By peak parasitaemia, TNF- production in vitro was siguificantly greater (P < 0.05) in cultures of PBMCs from protected cattle. Interferon production showed an initial peak at day 5 in all cattle, followed by a decrease and a second peak at days 10–13 in protected cattle only, which coincided with resolution of the infection.     

The methylene blue colorimetric microassay for determining cell line response to growth factors

The validity of the methylene blue colorimetric microassay for determining the response of monolayers of human ovarian tumour cell lines to different growth factors was investigated. Linearity of the relationship between cell density and optical density was confirmed for each cell line (r=0.989–0.999,p<0.001), and when initial cell density was optimised to give exponential growth over the assay period, differences in response to medium supplements were obvious. The response of target cells to growth factors, obtained using the methylene blue assay, were compared with, and found to parallel, previously documented responses obtained non-colorimetrically. Thus Mink lung epithelial cells (MLEC) were inhibited by TG (Holleyet al., 1983), EGF had an inhibitory effect on A431 cells (Gill & Lazar, 1981; Barnes, 1982), and the mesothelial cell line showed a proliferative response to EGF and hydrocortisone (Connell and Rheinwald, 1983).The methylene blue colorimetric microssay was found to be a simple, reliable, sensitive method with low variability, for determining the response of cultured cells to growth factors.     

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumours; a review of 22 years experience

FNA plays an important role in preoperative diagnosis of soft tissue tumours. A close clinical/morphologic cooperation is essential. FNA should be performed on the most accessible part of the tumour, avoiding penetration of the deep portions of the tumour. Needles 0.7 mm (22 G) are recommended. For deep lesions, needles with a stylet should be used. After the FNA, tattooing of the aspiration channel is recommended, and the channel is surgically removed together with the tumour, if a sarcoma. Material from the FNA can be used for additional examinations, i.e. electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, DNA ploidy analysis and chromosomal analysis. Those techniques are of great importance in the differential diagnosis, particularly in the paediatric small/round cell tumours. the majority of sarcomas can be defined as low grade or high grade malignant in FNA. For malignancy grading the following parameters are used: cellularity, pleomorphism, chromatin pattern, nucleolar structure, mitotic figures and necroses. Cytodiagnostic details of the most common soft tissue tumours and their differential diagnoses are presented.     

The human genome contains multiple sequences of varying homology to mouse mammary tumour virus DNA

Sequences related to the mouse mammary tumour virus (MuMTV) DNA were isolated from a genomic library of human DNA by screening under conditions of relaxed stringency. It is estimated that there are in the order of 50 MuMTV-like sequences per haploid genome and that the homology between the different human sequences and MuMTV varies by 15%.