全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1340篇 |
免费 | 77篇 |
国内免费 | 105篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 6篇 |
2023年 | 16篇 |
2022年 | 24篇 |
2021年 | 47篇 |
2020年 | 68篇 |
2019年 | 64篇 |
2018年 | 61篇 |
2017年 | 46篇 |
2016年 | 62篇 |
2015年 | 41篇 |
2014年 | 88篇 |
2013年 | 141篇 |
2012年 | 49篇 |
2011年 | 78篇 |
2010年 | 33篇 |
2009年 | 55篇 |
2008年 | 63篇 |
2007年 | 56篇 |
2006年 | 73篇 |
2005年 | 37篇 |
2004年 | 45篇 |
2003年 | 42篇 |
2002年 | 31篇 |
2001年 | 21篇 |
2000年 | 19篇 |
1999年 | 25篇 |
1998年 | 30篇 |
1997年 | 19篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1995年 | 15篇 |
1994年 | 20篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 17篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 12篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有1522条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
The rate of expansion of bacterial colonies of S. liquefaciens is investigated in terms of a mathematical model that combines biological as well as hydrodynamic processes. The relative
importance of cell differentiation and production of an extracellular wetting agent to bacterial swarming is explored using
a continuum representation. The model incorporates aspects of thin film flow with variable suspension viscosity, wetting,
and cell differentiation. Experimental evidence suggests that the bacterial colony is highly sensitive to its environment
and that a variety of mechanisms are exploited in order to proliferate on a variety of surfaces. It is found that a combination
of effects are required to reproduce the variation of bacterial colony motility over a large range of nutrient availability
and medium hardness.
Received: 29 April 1999 相似文献
102.
Susanna Sánchez deViala Bill B. Brodie Eloy Rodriguez Donna M. Gibson 《Journal of nematology》1998,30(2):192-200
Thiarubrine C, a polyacetylenic 1,2-dithiin isolated from the roots of Rudbeckia hirta (Asteraceae), exhibited strong nematicidal activity in in vitro and growth chamber assays. Thiarubrine C was toxic, in the absence of light, to the plant-parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus penetrans at LC₅₀s of 12.4 ppm and 23.5 ppm, respectively. A minimum exposure time between 12 and 24 hours was the critical period for nematode mortality due to thiarubrine C. Although thiarubrine C was not totally dependent on light for toxicity, activity was enhanced in the presence of light, especially with the microbivorous nematode, Teratorhabditis dentifera. Upon exposure of M. incognita juveniles to 20 ppm thiarubrine C for 1 hour, infection of tomato plants was greatly reduced compared to untreated checks. Thiarubrine C was also effective in reducing plant infection when mixed with soil 24 hours prior to or at planting, unlike other related compounds such as δ-terthienyl. 相似文献
103.
Kenneth A. Jacobson Abraham Patchornik 《Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods》1983,8(3):213-222
A series of highly colored nitrophenolates and nitrothiophenolates has been tested as spray reagents for the detection of electrophilic species of the types commonly used in peptide and protein chemistry. Sensitive TLC detection of agents for alkylation, acylation, sulfonylation and phosphorylation was demonstrated. In addition, the thiophenolate sprays were sensitive for oxidizing agents in nanomolar quantities. Selective TLC detection of acylating and phosphorylating agents was accomplished by subsequent alkali treatment resulting in the restoration of color. 相似文献
104.
B. Akerey C. Le-Lay I. Fliss M. Subirade M. Rouabhia 《Journal of applied microbiology》2009,107(4):1298-1307
Aim: To investigate the nisin Z innocuity using normal human gingival fibroblast and epithelial cell cultures, and its synergistic effect with these gingival cells against Candida albicans adhesion and transition from blastospore to hyphal form.
Methods and Results: Cells were cultured to 80% confluence and infected with C. albicans in the absence or presence of various concentrations of nisin Z. Our results indicate that only high concentrations of nisin Z promoted gingival cell detachment and differentiation. Determination of the LD50 showed that the fibroblasts were able to tolerate up to 80 μ g ml−1 for 24 h, dropping thereafter to 62 μ g ml−1 after 72 h of contact, compared to 160 μ g ml−1 after 24 h, and 80 μ g ml−1 after 72 h recorded by the gingival epithelial cells which displayed a greater resistance to nisin Z. The use of nisin Z even at low concentration (25 μ g ml−1 ) at appropriate concentrations with gingival cells significantly reduced C. albicans adhesion to gingival monolayer cultures and inhibited the yeast's transition.
Conclusion: These findings show that when used at non-toxic levels for human cells, nisin Z can be effective against C. albicans adhesion and transition and may synergistically interact with gingival cells for an efficient resistance against C. albicans .
Significance and Impact of the Study: This study suggests the potential usefulness of nisin Z as an antifungal agent, when used in an appropriate range. 相似文献
Methods and Results: Cells were cultured to 80% confluence and infected with C. albicans in the absence or presence of various concentrations of nisin Z. Our results indicate that only high concentrations of nisin Z promoted gingival cell detachment and differentiation. Determination of the LD
Conclusion: These findings show that when used at non-toxic levels for human cells, nisin Z can be effective against C. albicans adhesion and transition and may synergistically interact with gingival cells for an efficient resistance against C. albicans .
Significance and Impact of the Study: This study suggests the potential usefulness of nisin Z as an antifungal agent, when used in an appropriate range. 相似文献
105.
The first synthetic route to 5′-deoxy-6′,6′-difluoro-carbocyclic C-nucleoside [9-deazaadenosine, (pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine)] phosphonic acids from commercially available epichlorohydrin 5 was described. The key C-C bond formation from cyclopentanone to base precursor was performed using the Knoevenagel-type condensation. Synthesized C-nucleoside phosphonic acids were tested for anti-HIV and anti-leukemic activities. They showed moderate cytotoxicity-derived anti-HIV and anti-leukemic activities. 相似文献
106.
Competitive exclusion as a mode of action of a novel Bacillus cereus aquaculture biological agent 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. Lalloo G. Moonsamy S. Ramchuran J. Görgens N. Gardiner 《Letters in applied microbiology》2010,50(6):563-570
Aims: To determine the contribution of potential modes of action of a Bacillus cereus aquaculture biological control agent in inhibition of the fish pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila. Methods and Results: When B. cereus was tested in plate well inhibition studies, no production of antimicrobial compounds was detected. Bacillus cereus had a high growth rate (0·96 h?1), whereas Aer. hydrophila concentration decreased by c. 70% in co‐culture experiments. In nutrient limitation studies, B. cereus had a significantly higher growth rate when cultured under glucose (P < 0·05) and iron (P < 0·01) limitation in comparison with Aer. hydrophila. Bacillus cereus glucose (0·30 g l?1 h?1) and iron (0·60 mg l?1 h?1) uptake rates were also significantly higher (P < 0·01) than the Aer. hydrophila glucose (0·14 g l?1 h?1) and iron (0·43 mg l?1 h?1) uptake rates. Iron uptake was facilitated by siderophore production shown in time profile studies where relative siderophore production was c. 60% through the late exponential and sporulation phases. Conclusions: Competitive exclusion by higher growth rate, competition for organic carbon and iron, facilitated by siderophore production, could be identified as mechanisms of pathogen growth inhibition by B. cereus. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study is the first elucidation of the mechanism of action of our novel B. cereus biological agent in growth attenuation of pathogenic Aer. hydrophila. This study enhances the application knowledge and attractiveness for adoption of B. cereus NRRL 100132 for exploitation in aquaculture. 相似文献
107.
Host range, prevalence, and infection intensity of Paranosema locustae in grasshoppers at an establishment site in Patagonia, Argentina, were recorded. Results agreed with earlier observations at other introduction-establishment areas. Affected grasshoppers were melanoplines (Baeacris punctulatus, Dichroplus elongatus, Dichroplus maculipennis). Sporulation was not observed in instars I, II, and III. 相似文献
108.
C.C. García M. Djavani E.B. Damonte 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2010,393(4):625-169
The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) forms nuclear bodies (NB) that can be redistributed by virus infection. In particular, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) influences disruption of PML NB through the interaction of PML with the arenaviral Z protein. In a previous report, we have shown that the disulfide compound NSC20625 has antiviral and virucidal properties against arenaviruses, inducing unfolding and oligomerization of Z without affecting cellular RING-containing proteins such as the PML. Here, we further studied the effect of the zinc-finger-reactive disulfide NSC20625 on PML-Z interaction. In HepG2 cells infected with LCMV or transiently transfected with Z protein constructs, treatment with NSC20625 restored PML distribution from a diffuse-cytoplasmic pattern to punctate, discrete NB which appeared identical to NB found in control, uninfected cells. Similar results were obtained in cells transfected with a construct expressing a Z mutant in zinc-binding site 2 of the RING domain, confirming that this Z-PML interaction requires the integrity of only one zinc-binding site. Altogether, these results show that the compound NSC20625 suppressed Z-mediated PML NB disruption and may be used as a tool for designing novel antiviral strategies against arenavirus infection. 相似文献
109.
Abstract The prioritisation of potential agents on the basis of likely efficacy is an important step in biological control because it can increase the probability of a successful biocontrol program, and reduce risks and costs. In this introductory paper we define success in biological control, review how agent selection has been approached historically, and outline the approach to agent selection that underpins the structure of this special issue on agent selection. Developing criteria by which to judge the success of a biocontrol agent (or program) provides the basis for agent selection decisions. Criteria will depend on the weed, on the ecological and management context in which that weed occurs, and on the negative impacts that biocontrol is seeking to redress. Predicting which potential agents are most likely to be successful poses enormous scientific challenges. 'Rules of thumb', 'scoring systems' and various conceptual and quantitative modelling approaches have been proposed to aid agent selection. However, most attempts have met with limited success due to the diversity and complexity of the systems in question. This special issue presents a series of papers that deconstruct the question of agent choice with the aim of progressively improving the success rate of biological control. Specifically they ask: (i) what potential agents are available and what should we know about them? (ii) what type, timing and degree of damage is required to achieve success? and (iii) which potential agent will reach the necessary density, at the right time, to exert the required damage in the target environment? 相似文献
110.
VanBavel E 《Progress in biophysics and molecular biology》2007,93(1-3):374-383
This review forms part of a series of papers resulting from a workshop on safety of ultrasound applications. The physical effects of ultrasound include generation of steady streaming in large fluid volumes, and micro-streaming around contrast bubbles. Such streaming induces shear stress acting on the vascular endothelium. This review provides a discussion on the levels of endothelial shear stress associated with diagnostic ultrasound applications, and on the biological effects of shear stress acting on the endothelial cells. Depending on vessel size and ultrasound characteristics, shear stresses associated with streaming and micro-streaming may exceed the physiological levels associated with the flow of blood by many orders of magnitude. The resulting biological effects could range anywhere from activation of normal shear stress sensors such as ion channels, damage of the endothelial surface layer, reversible perforation of the membrane, to cell detachment and lysis. The possible presence of such biological effects does not necessarily mean that the effects are harmful for the individual. However, considering the ever-increasing use of ultrasound, a further investigation into these shear stress-related effects, using both experiments and modelling, is desired. Apart from safety concerns, such effects may provide a base for strategies aimed at targeted delivery of drugs. 相似文献