感染布氏白僵菌后油松毛虫血淋巴中海藻糖酶活性、海藻糖和葡萄糖含量的变化

为了揭示病原真菌白僵菌Beauveria侵染昆虫过程中如何利用虫体内糖类物质作为自身营养, 本研究测定了布氏白僵菌Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch （2382菌株）感染油松毛虫Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu幼虫后, 虫体血淋巴中酸性海藻糖降解酶活性及海藻糖和葡萄糖含量的变化。油松毛虫4龄幼虫感染菌株孢子悬浮液后, 血淋巴中酸性海藻糖降解酶的活性明显高于对照组, 感染后第3天酶活性达到最大值（0.2786 U/mg）, 此后第4-6 天酶活性逐渐降低; 染菌后的6 d中, 血淋巴中海藻糖含量显著低于对照组, 同样在感染后第4天其含量逐渐降低, 第6天时降到最低值。相比之下, 处理组血淋巴中的葡萄糖含量显著高于对照组; 处理组其含量在第1-3天内呈现快速升高趋势, 在第3天达到最大值（7.7615 mmol/L）, 然后逐渐降低。结果说明, 白僵菌侵入昆虫血淋巴后, 菌株代谢产生酸性海藻糖降解酶, 将血淋巴中的海藻糖水解成为葡萄糖, 然后为真菌利用, 破坏了虫体内的血糖平衡, 这是一个相互连接的生理代谢和生化反应过程。     

饲喂四环素和链霉素对贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫生长和肠道消化酶的影响

以抗生素(四环素和链霉素)处理的食物饲喂贡嘎蝠蛾Hepjalus gonggaensis Fu & Huang,sd.nov.4龄幼虫1个月后,肠道主要消化酶的种类和酶活都发生了显著变化。经测定知,淀粉酶和蛋白酶是4龄幼虫主要的消化酶,其次为海藻糖酶、麦芽糖酶和纤维素酶。经抗生素处理的食物饲喂后,与正常对照相比,抗生素处理的幼虫体重增长百分比显著降低(P<0.01),所测的消化酶酶活比对照也显著降低(P<0.01)。另外,肠道内原有的半纤维素酶和纤维素酶在抗生素处理后没有检测出酶活。据此认为,抗生素可能对幼虫生长有毒害作用。其原因可能是抗生素长期使用导致肠道菌群紊乱,消化生理发生改变,从而导致一些消化酶活性下降甚至完全失去活性。     

家蚕微孢子虫海藻糖酶3的表达、定位及功能

【目的】本研究旨在初步明确家蚕微孢子虫Nosema bombycis海藻糖酶3(NbTre3)的功能,为家蚕Bombyx mori微粒子病的防治提供理论依据和线索。【方法】通过PCR扩增NbTre3,构建原核表达载体pET28a-NbTre3;经IPTG诱导在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli中表达重组蛋白NbTre3,Western blot检测目的蛋白;Ni柱亲和层析法对重组蛋白NbTre3进行纯化,用获得的NbTre3免疫新西兰兔制备多克隆抗体;利用间接免疫荧光技术对成熟家蚕微孢子虫中的NbTre3进行定位;qRT-PCR检测家蚕微孢子虫感染家蚕5龄起蚕后不同时间中肠中NbTre3的转录水平;通过分别注射siRNA-1, siRNA-2和siRNA-3进行RNAi,qRT-PCR检测RNAi后不同时间感染家蚕微孢子虫的家蚕5龄起蚕中肠中NbTre3和16S rRNA的转录水平。【结果】成功纯化并获得重组目的蛋白NbTre3,大小约为34 kD。免疫新西兰兔后,收集血清,纯化获得NbTre3多克隆抗体,经Western blot鉴定正确。间接免疫荧光结果显示NbTre3主要分布在成熟家蚕微孢子虫孢原质中。qRT-PCR结果表明,家蚕微孢子虫感染后6 h时家蚕5龄起蚕中肠中NbTre3的表达量最高;siRNA抑制NbTre3的表达后,家蚕微孢子虫16S rRNA的转录水平没有明显的变化。【结论】结果提示NbTre3可能在家蚕微孢子虫感染初期的发芽过程中发挥重要的作用。     

Contribution of trehalose biosynthetic pathway to drought stress tolerance of Capparis ovata Desf

Trehalose and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway are important contributors and regulators of stress responses in plants. Among recent findings for trehalose and its metabolism, the role of signalling in the regulation of growth and development and its potential for use as a storage energy source can be listed. The xerophytic plant Capparis ovata (caper) is well adapted to drought and high temperature stress in arid and semi‐arid regions of the Mediterranean. The contribution of trehalose and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway to drought stress responses and tolerance in C. ovata are not known. We investigated the effects of PEG‐mediated drought stress in caper plants and analysed physiological parameters and trehalose biosynthetic pathway components, trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase (TPS), trehalose‐6‐phosphate phosphatase (TPP), trehalase activity, trehalose and proline content in drought stress‐treated and untreated plants. Our results indicated that trehalose and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway contributed to drought stress tolerance of C. ovata. Overall growth and leaf water status were not dramatically affected by drought, as both high relative growth rate and relative water content were recorded even after 14 days of drought stress. Trehalose accumulation increased in parallel to induced TPS and TPP activities and decreased trehalase activity in caper plants on day 14. Constitutive trehalose levels were 28.75 to 74.75 μg·g·FW^?1, and drought stress significantly induced trehalose accumulation (385.25 μg·g·FW^?1 on day 14) in leaves of caper. On day 14 of drought, proline levels were lower than on day 7. Under drought stress the discrepancy between trehalose and proline accumulation trends might result from the mode of action of these osmoprotectant molecules in C. ovata.     

A highly thermostable trehalase from the thermophilic bacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodothermus marinus</Emphasis>

Trehalases play a central role in the metabolism of trehalose and can be found in a wide variety of organisms. A periplasmic trehalase (α,α-trehalose glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.28) from the thermophilic bacterium Rhodothermus marinus was purified and the respective encoding gene was identified, cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant trehalase is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 59 kDa. Maximum activity was observed at 88°C and pH 6.5. The recombinant trehalase exhibited a K _m of 0.16 mM and a V _max of 81 μmol of trehalose (min)⁻¹ (mg of protein)⁻¹ at the optimal temperature for growth of R. marinus (65°C) and pH 6.5. The enzyme was highly specific for trehalose and was inhibited by glucose with a K _i of 7 mM. This is the most thermostable trehalase ever characterized. Moreover, this is the first report on the identification and characterization of a trehalase from a thermophilic bacterium.     

The physiological role of the peritrophic membrane and trehalase: Digestive enzymes in the midgut and excreta of starved larvae of Rhynchosciara

Amylase, cellulase, trehalase, aminopeptidase and trypsin were determined using the midgut and trehalose using the haemolymph of starved and of subsequently fed larvae of Rhynchosciara americana. Midgut trehalase activity decreases steadily during starvation and increases again on feeding, whereas haemolymph trehalose titres remain constant, suggesting that trehalase is a true digestive enzyme. The decrease in amylase, cellulase and trypsin activity in the midgut during starvation is of the same order as that recovered from the excreta. Since this finding is exactly what one would expect if enzyme production stops in response to starvation, this supports the hypothesis that synthesis that synthesis of these enzymes is controlled. The excretion rate of amylase, cellulase and trypsin is very low in comparison to their activity inside the peritrophic membrane and the travel time of the food bolus through the gut. It is proposed that the peritrophic membrane separates two extracellular sites for digestion as an adaptation to conserve secreted enzymes. This could be accomplished by the existence of an endo-ectoperitrophic circulation of the enzymes involved in the initial attack on the food and by restricting to the ectoperitrophic fluid the enzymes which participate only in intermediary digestion of food.     

Survey of α-glucose 1-phosphate forming trehalose phosphorylase and trehalase in various fungi including basidiomycetous mushrooms

The distribution of α-glucose 1-phosphate forming (α-type) trehalose phosphorylase and trehalase activities in various fungi was surveyed. α-Type phosphorylase occurred in the mycelia and fruit-bodies of Agaricales and Aphyllophorales in the Holobasidiomycetidae, and at least one species of Gasteromycetes, but not in Tremellaceae or Auriculariales of the Phragmobasidiomycetidae, Heterobasidiomycetes or Hemibasidiomycetes. The test fungi in the Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina, and the yeasts of Basidiomycotina, showed different trehalase activities, but no trehalose phosphorylase activity. The test organisms showed different levels of trehalase activity. The fruit-bodies of most mushrooms showed higher activities of α-type trehalose phosphorylase than did the mycelia.     

灰飞虱海藻糖酶基因的克隆及RNA干扰效应

RNA干扰（RNAi）不但可以用于研究基因的功能, 还可以通过沉默靶标基因干扰特定的生命过程。因此, 通过深入研究, 发掘高效专一性靶基因和RNAi技术, 有可能开辟针对性的害虫RNAi防控新途径。本研究通过灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus转录组数据分析并结合RACE技术, 克隆了灰飞虱两种海藻糖酶的全长基因, 分别命名为LSTre-1和LSTre-2, 其GenBank登录号分别为JQ027050和JQ027051。它们均具有海藻糖酶基因的典型特征, 与已报道的其他昆虫的海藻糖酶基因具有很高的相似性, 并表现出一定的虫种亲缘关系。其中LSTre-1为水溶性海藻糖酶基因, 全长2 042 bp, 开放阅读框编码602个氨基酸, 前端有25个氨基酸的信号肽, 但无跨膜结构域; LSTre-2为膜结合型海藻糖酶基因, 全长2 619 bp, 开放阅读框编码618个氨基酸, 前端有26个氨基酸的信号肽, 有2个疏水性跨膜结构域。利用喂食法研究2种海藻糖酶基因dsRNA对灰飞虱的致死效应, 发现靶向水溶性酶基因的干扰效应略高于靶向膜结合型的, 但两种海藻糖酶基因的dsRNA都可以显著抑制灰飞虱海藻糖酶基因的表达, 降低其活力, 还能显著抑制试虫的生长, 大幅增加试虫死亡率。 结果提示, 通过适宜途径干扰海藻糖酶基因可以开发防治灰飞虱的新途径。