MOLECULAR CLONING OF SOLUBLE TREHALASE FROM Chironomus riparius LARVAE, ITS HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION IN Escherichia coli AND BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS

Trehalase is involved in the control of trehalose concentration, the main blood sugar in insects. Here, we describe the molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding for the soluble form of the trehalase from the midge larvae of Chironomus riparius, a well-known bioindicator of the quality of freshwater environments. Molecular cloning was achieved through multiple alignment of Diptera trehalase sequences, allowing the synthesis of internal homology-based primers; the complete open reading frame(ORF) was subsequently obtained through RACE-PCR(where RACE is rapid amplification of cDNA ends). The cDNA contained the 5' untranslated region (UTR), the 3' UTR including a poly(A) tail and the ORF of 1,725 bp consisting of 574 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 65,778 Da. Recombinant trehalase was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli as a His-tagged protein and purified on Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Primary structure analysis showed a series of characteristic features shared by all insect trehalases, while three-dimensional structure prediction yielded the typical glucosidase fold, the two key residues involved in the catalytic mechanism being conserved. Production of recombinant insect trehalases opens the way to structural characterizations of the catalytic site, which might represent, among others, an element for reconsidering the enzyme as a target in pest insects' control.     

感染布氏白僵菌后油松毛虫血淋巴中海藻糖酶活性、海藻糖和葡萄糖含量的变化

为了揭示病原真菌白僵菌Beauveria侵染昆虫过程中如何利用虫体内糖类物质作为自身营养, 本研究测定了布氏白僵菌Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch （2382菌株）感染油松毛虫Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu幼虫后, 虫体血淋巴中酸性海藻糖降解酶活性及海藻糖和葡萄糖含量的变化。油松毛虫4龄幼虫感染菌株孢子悬浮液后, 血淋巴中酸性海藻糖降解酶的活性明显高于对照组, 感染后第3天酶活性达到最大值（0.2786 U/mg）, 此后第4-6 天酶活性逐渐降低; 染菌后的6 d中, 血淋巴中海藻糖含量显著低于对照组, 同样在感染后第4天其含量逐渐降低, 第6天时降到最低值。相比之下, 处理组血淋巴中的葡萄糖含量显著高于对照组; 处理组其含量在第1-3天内呈现快速升高趋势, 在第3天达到最大值（7.7615 mmol/L）, 然后逐渐降低。结果说明, 白僵菌侵入昆虫血淋巴后, 菌株代谢产生酸性海藻糖降解酶, 将血淋巴中的海藻糖水解成为葡萄糖, 然后为真菌利用, 破坏了虫体内的血糖平衡, 这是一个相互连接的生理代谢和生化反应过程。     

On the biochemical classification of yeast trehalases: Candida albicans contains two enzymes with mixed features of neutral and acid trehalase activities

Two enzymes endowed with trehalase activity are present in Candida albicans. The cytosolic trehalase (Ntc1p), displayed high activity in exponential phase regardless of the carbon source (glucose, trehalose or glycerol). Ntc1p activity was similar in neutral (pH 7.1) or acid (pH 4.5) conditions, strongly inhibited by ATP, weakly stimulated by divalent cations (Ca²⁺or Mn²⁺) and unaffected in the presence of cyclic AMP. The Ntc1p activity decreased in stationary phase, except in glycerol-grown cultures, but the catalytic properties did not change. In turn, the cell wall-linked trehalase (Atc1p) showed elevated activity in resting cells or in cultures growing on trehalose or glycerol. Although Atc1p is subjected to glucose repression, exhaustion of glucose in itself did not increased the activity. Significant Atc1p values could also be measured at neutral or acid pH, but Atc1p was insensitive to ATP, cyclic AMP and divalent cations. These results are in direct contrast with the current classification of yeast trehalases based on their optimum pH. They are also relevant in the light of the proposed use of trehalase inhibitors for the treatment of candidiasis.     

Induction of non-diapause eggs in Bombyx mori by a trehalase inhibitor

The effect of validoxylamine A (VAA), a potent and specific trehalase inhibitor, on the induction of non-diapause in Bombyx mori was examined. The VAA induced non-diapause eggs and prevented the glucogen accumulation in the eggs. Trehalase activity of the pupal ovary was effectively inhibited by the VAA injection.     

三种杀虫剂对褐飞虱海藻糖含量和海藻糖酶活性的影响

为了解农药处理导致褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stål）飞行能力增强的生理机制, 本文采用蒽酮法和酶促反应终止法, 研究了吡虫啉、 三唑磷和溴氰菊酯3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对褐飞虱3龄、 5龄若虫及长、 短翅型雌雄成虫体内海藻糖含量和海藻糖酶活性的影响。结果表明： 杀虫剂处理的褐飞虱3龄若虫海藻糖含量和海藻糖酶活性与对照相比没有显著差异（P>0.05）。40 mg/L三唑磷处理的褐飞虱5龄若虫体内海藻糖含量显著低于对照（P<0.05）, 比对照降低了24%; 而20和40 mg/L三唑磷处理的褐飞虱5龄若虫海藻糖酶活性显著高于对照（P<0.05）, 分别比对照高出了100%和129%。10 mg/L吡虫啉, 20 和40 mg/L三唑磷以及3和6 mg/L溴氰菊酯处理的褐飞虱短翅雌成虫和雄成虫体内海藻糖含量显著低于对照（P<0.05）, 雌成虫体内海藻糖含量比对照分别降低了36%, 53%, 67%, 58%和69%, 雄成虫体内海藻糖含量比对照分别降低了59%, 71%, 65%, 70%和77%; 而40 mg/L三唑磷以及3和6 mg/L溴氰菊酯处理的褐飞虱短翅型雌成虫和雄成虫体内海藻糖酶活性显著高于对照（P<0.05）, 雌成虫体内海藻糖酶活性比对照分别高出了124%, 100%和88%, 雄成虫体内海藻糖酶活性比对照分别高出了146%, 132%和118%。10 mg/L吡虫啉, 40 mg/L三唑磷和3 mg/L溴氰菊酯处理的褐飞虱长翅型雌成虫和雄成虫海藻糖含量显著低于对照（P<0.05）, 雌成虫海藻糖含量比对照分别降低了44%, 34%和37%, 雄成虫体内海藻糖含量比对照降低了48%, 54%和43%; 而5和10 mg/L吡虫啉处理的长翅型雌成虫和雄成虫海藻糖酶活性显著高于对照（P<0.05）, 雌成虫体内海藻糖酶活性比对照分别高出了317%和300%, 雄成虫体内海藻糖酶活性比对照分别高出了170%和97%。这些结果说明这3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量处理可以增强褐飞虱体内海藻糖酶活性, 并导致海藻糖含量下降。本研究结果对深入阐明农药诱导褐飞虱再猖獗及杀虫剂处理增强其飞行能力的生理机制具有一定的科学价值。     

Il tipo delle Dicotiledoni e il tipo delle Monocotiledoni nella formazione del vero periplasmodio nella famiglia delle Lauraceae

Raissunto

Nella famiglia delle Lauraceae è stata fino ad oggi riconosciuta la formazione di un vero periplasmodio nei due generi Sassafras e Cinnamomum. Il periodo e le modalità di sviluppo fanno riferire il primo al tipo che si osserva nelle Monocotiledoni, il secondo a quello delle Dicotiledoni. Nei due tipi alcune particolarità morfologiche permettono induzioni sul significato fisiologico del periplasmodio.     

家蚕微孢子虫海藻糖酶3的表达、定位及功能

【目的】本研究旨在初步明确家蚕微孢子虫Nosema bombycis海藻糖酶3(NbTre3)的功能,为家蚕Bombyx mori微粒子病的防治提供理论依据和线索。【方法】通过PCR扩增NbTre3,构建原核表达载体pET28a-NbTre3;经IPTG诱导在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli中表达重组蛋白NbTre3,Western blot检测目的蛋白;Ni柱亲和层析法对重组蛋白NbTre3进行纯化,用获得的NbTre3免疫新西兰兔制备多克隆抗体;利用间接免疫荧光技术对成熟家蚕微孢子虫中的NbTre3进行定位;qRT-PCR检测家蚕微孢子虫感染家蚕5龄起蚕后不同时间中肠中NbTre3的转录水平;通过分别注射siRNA-1, siRNA-2和siRNA-3进行RNAi,qRT-PCR检测RNAi后不同时间感染家蚕微孢子虫的家蚕5龄起蚕中肠中NbTre3和16S rRNA的转录水平。【结果】成功纯化并获得重组目的蛋白NbTre3,大小约为34 kD。免疫新西兰兔后,收集血清,纯化获得NbTre3多克隆抗体,经Western blot鉴定正确。间接免疫荧光结果显示NbTre3主要分...     

饲喂四环素和链霉素对贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫生长和肠道消化酶的影响

以抗生素(四环素和链霉素)处理的食物饲喂贡嘎蝠蛾Hepjalus gonggaensis Fu & Huang,sd.nov.4龄幼虫1个月后,肠道主要消化酶的种类和酶活都发生了显著变化。经测定知,淀粉酶和蛋白酶是4龄幼虫主要的消化酶,其次为海藻糖酶、麦芽糖酶和纤维素酶。经抗生素处理的食物饲喂后,与正常对照相比,抗生素处理的幼虫体重增长百分比显著降低(P<0.01),所测的消化酶酶活比对照也显著降低(P<0.01)。另外,肠道内原有的半纤维素酶和纤维素酶在抗生素处理后没有检测出酶活。据此认为,抗生素可能对幼虫生长有毒害作用。其原因可能是抗生素长期使用导致肠道菌群紊乱,消化生理发生改变,从而导致一些消化酶活性下降甚至完全失去活性。     

Properties of trehalase from different organs of alfalfa, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago sativa</Emphasis>

Trehalase activity (THA) was identified in the cell-free extracts of various organs of Medicago sativa: roots, roots nodules, stems and leaves, as well as in seedlings and seeds. It showed the high activity at acid pH and optimal temperature ranged from 45° to 55°C. It was also differently affected by ions, i.e. the presence of calcium stimulated this activity but it was inhibited by Zn²⁺ and NH ₄ ⁺ . After separation by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and purification procedures, trehalase from alfalfa was purified 800 times, and Superose 12 HR gel filtration allowed to determine the molecular weight of 120 kDa for the native enzyme from the stems of alfalfa.