全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4891篇 |
免费 | 562篇 |
国内免费 | 994篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 23篇 |
2023年 | 112篇 |
2022年 | 101篇 |
2021年 | 147篇 |
2020年 | 244篇 |
2019年 | 209篇 |
2018年 | 207篇 |
2017年 | 223篇 |
2016年 | 240篇 |
2015年 | 210篇 |
2014年 | 230篇 |
2013年 | 322篇 |
2012年 | 203篇 |
2011年 | 268篇 |
2010年 | 181篇 |
2009年 | 259篇 |
2008年 | 276篇 |
2007年 | 294篇 |
2006年 | 227篇 |
2005年 | 232篇 |
2004年 | 167篇 |
2003年 | 203篇 |
2002年 | 179篇 |
2001年 | 147篇 |
2000年 | 161篇 |
1999年 | 124篇 |
1998年 | 100篇 |
1997年 | 102篇 |
1996年 | 95篇 |
1995年 | 101篇 |
1994年 | 87篇 |
1993年 | 91篇 |
1992年 | 92篇 |
1991年 | 70篇 |
1990年 | 84篇 |
1989年 | 50篇 |
1988年 | 47篇 |
1987年 | 41篇 |
1986年 | 34篇 |
1985年 | 46篇 |
1984年 | 39篇 |
1983年 | 34篇 |
1982年 | 34篇 |
1981年 | 17篇 |
1980年 | 23篇 |
1979年 | 19篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 12篇 |
1976年 | 10篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有6447条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
辐射增敏剂增敏活性的分子连接性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
计算42个辐射增敏剂的各阶分子连接性指数mXt及△mXt,并对其中38个非对称性化合物的分子连接性指数与其增敏活性进行定量构效关系(QuantitatireStructureActivityRelationship,QSAR)的研究,得到相关方程。并分析了影响增敏活性的1gP、ES及σ在一定程度上都可通过分子连接性指数表达出来。对这些增敏剂进行分子对称性的研究,发现对称性会降低分子的极性,进而降低其增敏活性。另外,还发现在这些增敏剂中存在亚类现象,并对各亚类的反应机理进行了探讨。 相似文献
92.
By the use of EPR spectroscopy, it has been shown that acyl nitroso compounds can act as spin traps for short-lived radicals with the formation of acyl aminoxyl radicals. The reaction was studied for the system benzohydroxamicacid[Ph-C (= O)N(H)] - dimethyl sulfoxide - hydrogen peroxide. The acyl aminoxyl radicals appeared almost immediately when the reaction mixture was irradiated in situ in the EPR cavity with UV light. The trapping reaction involved two photochemical reactions, i.e. the oxidation of the hydroxamic acid to the acyl nitroso compound Ph-C (= O)NO, and the formation of methyl radicals from dimethyl sulfoxide. The EPR spectra are superpositions of the spectra of two species of acyl aminoxyl radicals, i.e. the radicals Ph-C (= O)N(O·)H formed by oxidation of the parent benzohydrox-amic acid, and the radical Ph-C (= O)N(O·)CH3, formed by trapping of methyl radicals. 相似文献
93.
J. J. A. van Loon 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1993,67(2):135-142
Conventional gravimetry and a combination of gravimetry and respirometry were compared for their precision in measuring respiration
and metabolic efficiency of growth of final stadiumPieris brassicae L. (Pieridae, Lepidoptera) caterpillars. This was done both for caterpillars feeding on an artificial diet and for caterpillars
feeding on excised leaf material of a host plant,Brassica oleracea L. Gravimetry produced significantly greater variation in the total amount of matter respired and the metabolic efficiency
than indirect calorimetry for caterpillars feeding on plant material, while the two methods gave similar results for the caterpillars
reared on a meridic artificial diet. Respirometry (indirect calorimetry) revealed that caterpillars feeding on the artificial
diet were growing with a higher metabolic efficiency than caterpillars feeding on the host plant. This difference was not
revealed by conventional gravimetry. It is argued that metabolic efficiencies as derived from gravimetric budget calculations
are subject to a number of random errors that distort precise determination of metabolic efficiencies in studies involving
plant food. 相似文献
94.
Summary We have improved zygote recovery 11–1,000 fold by optimizing the physiology of gamete release and mating inAcetabularia acetabulum. Gamete release was affected by agar purity, concentration, and volume/gametangial pair. Cold pre-treatment of gametangia (14–30 d at 10°C in the dark) synchronized subsequent gamete release at 21°C in the light. Cold pre-treatment was nearly twice as effective in synchronizing subsequent gamete release when intact, gametangia-bearing caps rather than isolated gametangia were pretreated. Synchronizing gamete release doubled mating efficiency. In a wild-type laboratory strain ofA. acetabulum, there were 1,561±207 gametes/gametangium which had half-lives of 14.5 d in 0.1% seawater-agar. We recovered 48–93% of the expected numbers of zygotes from a mass mating of 8 to 1,226 gametangia and 11–128% of the expected numbers of zygotes from mating single gametangial pairs: the large range in the calculated mating efficiency may be attributable to the variation in the numbers of gametes made per gametangium. Zygote recovery from single gametangial pairs was highly dependent on the volume of mating matrix. In addition, most zygotes recovered were unattached to any other zygotes in the subsequent generation (> 95% single cells from matings of 1–500 gametangial pairs). Our improvements in mating conditions and zygote recovery (1) have facilitated cell manipulation and culture ofA. acetabulum in the laboratory; and (2) have made controlled crosses for selection and genetic analysis of mutants feasible. These advances have removed a major barrier to genetic analysis of development inAcetabularia.Abbreviations LB
Luria-Bertani bacteriological broth
- SE
standard error of the mean
- Tg
agar gelling temperatures
- DAPI
4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole 相似文献
95.
Mateusz Okrutniak Irena M. Grześ Anna K. Kucharska Filip Turza Małgorzata Zimocha Sabrina Kerdiane Patryk Jabłoński 《Entomological Science》2023,26(3):e12549
In ants, workers of different sizes may perform various tasks, even in so-called monomorphic species with relatively low body size variation. However, it is unclear if the body size diversity of monomorphic workers correlates with task efficiency, especially in stressful contingencies. Here we tested if the body size variation of workers corresponds with its efficiency in transferring pupae. Transferring brood is a pre-set behavioral response to stress, e.g. suboptimal temperature. Here we applied a laboratory experiment simulating nest damage. The study was performed on the common garden ant (Lasius niger (Linnaeus, 1758)) – a species with no distinct worker subcastes. The efficiency of workers was measured as the latency of transferring pupae from a lit part of the experimental colony to a darkened part, while the body size diversity was expressed as the within-colony coefficient of variation in head width. We did not find any significant correlation between efficiency and body size variation. Summarizing the existing studies and the present results, we propose the hypothesis that the body size diversity of L. niger may have implications for workers’ division of labor but not for their task efficiency in a stressful contingency. 相似文献
96.
The efficiency and effectiveness of different sea urchin removal methods for kelp forest restoration
Sea urchin overgrazing has caused widespread phase shifts from kelp forests to “urchin barrens” on many temperate reefs, reducing habitat complexity, productivity, and biodiversity. Sea urchin removal is increasingly used for kelp restoration; however, few studies have quantified the efficiency and effectiveness of different removal methods, resulting in limited understanding of their practicality. In this study, the efficiency (removal rate) and effectiveness (proportion removed) of four removal methods were evaluated in northeastern New Zealand. We compared culling or collecting sea urchins by either SCUBA or freediving in 128 small-scale plots (25 m2). We also evaluated the efficiency and effectiveness of culling in four large (1.6–2 ha) barren areas, scales relevant for restoration. On average, culling sea urchins was 1.9–4.4 times faster than collecting, and SCUBA was 1.5–3.3 times faster than freediving. Removal rates increased with sea urchin density, especially for culling on SCUBA, while freediving removal rates increased with experience. Effectiveness was lower in large-scale removals (86–93% of sea urchins ≥40 mm removed) compared to small-scale removals (98–99%), but sufficient for restoration objectives. Estimated time per area (using SCUBA culling) was similar across large-scale removals (49–57 hours/ha), despite an almost 2-fold variation in initial sea urchin densities (approximately 4–8 urchins/m2), suggesting area may better predict total removal time than simply number of sea urchins across low-density ranges. While sea urchin removal provides a rapid, feasible, and effective approach to restoring kelp in urchin barrens, restoration plans need to also address the causes of sea urchin overpopulation to ensure long-term benefits. 相似文献
97.
Franco M. Valdez Ovallez Rodrigo Gómez Alés Vanesa Astudillo Mariela Córdoba Gustavo Fava Rodrigo Acosta Graciela Blanco José Villavicencio Juan Carlos Acosta 《Acta zoologica》2023,104(4):561-574
Ectotherms thermoregulate to maintain their body temperature within the optimal range needed for performing vital functions. The effect of climate change on lizards has been studied as regards the sensitivity of locomotor performance to environmental temperatures. We studied thermoregulatory efficiency and locomotor performance for Liolaemus fitzgeraldi in the Central Andes of Argentina. We determined body temperature, micro-environmental temperatures and operative temperatures in the field. In the laboratory, we measured preferred temperatures and calculated the index of thermoregulatory efficiency. We estimated the thermal sensitivity of locomotion by measuring sprint speed (initial velocity and long sprint) and endurance at five different body temperatures. Body temperature was not associated with either micro-environmental temperature, nor did it show differences with preferred temperatures. Thermoregulatory efficiency was moderate (0.61). Initial velocity and long sprint trials showed differences at different temperatures; however, endurance did not. Moreover, the optimal temperatures for the performance trials showed no significant differences among themselves. We conclude that Liolaemus fitzgeraldi has thermal sensitivity in locomotor performance with respect to body temperature and that it is an eurythermic lizard that experiences a large variation in body temperature and that has thermal flexibility in the cold. 相似文献
98.
Lulu Qiao Jonatan Niño-Sánchez Rachael Hamby Luca Capriotti Angela Chen Bruno Mezzetti Hailing Jin 《Plant biotechnology journal》2023,21(4):854-865
Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) is an innovative and eco-friendly technology where topical application of pathogen gene-targeting RNAs to plant material can enable disease control. SIGS applications remain limited because of the instability of RNA, which can be rapidly degraded when exposed to various environmental conditions. Inspired by the natural mechanism of cross-kingdom RNAi through extracellular vesicle trafficking, we describe herein the use of artificial nanovesicles (AVs) for RNA encapsulation and control against the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. AVs were synthesized using three different cationic lipid formulations, DOTAP + PEG, DOTAP and DODMA, and examined for their ability to protect and deliver double stranded RNA (dsRNA). All three formulations enabled dsRNA delivery and uptake by B. cinerea. Further, encapsulating dsRNA in AVs provided strong protection from nuclease degradation and from removal by leaf washing. This improved stability led to prolonged RNAi-mediated protection against B. cinerea both on pre- and post-harvest plant material using AVs. Specifically, the AVs extended the protection duration conferred by dsRNA to 10 days on tomato and grape fruits and to 21 days on grape leaves. The results of this work demonstrate how AVs can be used as a new nanocarrier to overcome RNA instability in SIGS for crop protection. 相似文献
99.
Motivated by investigating the relationship between progesterone and the days in a menstrual cycle in a longitudinal study, we propose a multikink quantile regression model for longitudinal data analysis. It relaxes the linearity condition and assumes different regression forms in different regions of the domain of the threshold covariate. In this paper, we first propose a multikink quantile regression for longitudinal data. Two estimation procedures are proposed to estimate the regression coefficients and the kink points locations: one is a computationally efficient profile estimator under the working independence framework while the other one considers the within-subject correlations by using the unbiased generalized estimation equation approach. The selection consistency of the number of kink points and the asymptotic normality of two proposed estimators are established. Second, we construct a rank score test based on partial subgradients for the existence of the kink effect in longitudinal studies. Both the null distribution and the local alternative distribution of the test statistic have been derived. Simulation studies show that the proposed methods have excellent finite sample performance. In the application to the longitudinal progesterone data, we identify two kink points in the progesterone curves over different quantiles and observe that the progesterone level remains stable before the day of ovulation, then increases quickly in 5 to 6 days after ovulation and then changes to stable again or drops slightly. 相似文献
100.
The effects of three forms of alginate (free acid, sodium and calcium salts) on ingestion and excretion of cholesterol in
the rat were studied. For two weeks, Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a cholesterol-rich diet containing 3% alginate from
the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. The food efficiency of the three types of alginate was: Na-alginate > Ca-alginate > alginic acid. A significant increase
in the weight of cecum was also observed in alginate diets. Alginate was not effective in preventing the elevation of serum
total cholesterol levels, although irregularly changing patterns were observed. The cholesterol level of liver showed a tendency
to decrease with alginate feeding, while fecal excretion of cholesterol increased. 相似文献