Biomass duration in growth models

To gain a better understanding of growth curve, biomass duration in several growth models, such as the exponential, linear, Gompertz, Mitscherlich, logistic, Richards and Bertalanffy, is formulated. Generally, biomass duration in these models can be given in two ways; thet- andw-representations. The latter representation, which can be defined as the summed value of reciprocal of relative growth rate with respect to biomass, gives a new significance to biomass duration. The utility of both representations is exemplified by the observed data of a fir. The idea of biomass duration is extended to get total amounts of anabolism and catabolism in the Bertalanffy model.     

温度对感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂种群参数的影响

在16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃恒温下,观察了温度对感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂发育、存活和繁殖的影响,组建了相应温度下的实验种群生命表。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂的发育历期随着温度的升高而逐渐缩短,5个温度下感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂世代的发育历期分别为23.2、17.8、13.2、11.1和7.8天,世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为7.40℃和212.69日·度,内禀增长率(r_m)和净生殖力(R₀)分别介于0.2448～0.4584和28.00～84.03之间。结果提示温度24℃～28℃为繁殖感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂的理想温度条件。     

自旋捕捉结合液相色谱/电子自旋共振/质谱联用技术用于检测多不饱和脂肪酸过氧化过程中产生的自由基(英文)

ω-6和ω-3类多不饱和脂肪酸是两种人体所需的重要营养物质。人体内的很多生理病理过程均涉及到这些多不饱和脂肪酸,以及它们在环氧合酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)和脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)催化下产生的过氧化代谢物。环氧合酶和脂氧合酶催化的多不饱和脂肪酸的过氧化是复杂的生化过程,会产生一系列的自由基产物。这些自由基产物又会与蛋白质、DNA和RNA结合,从而导致很多生理功能的改变。然而一直以来,缺乏合适的分析方法来有效分离和鉴定这些自由基产物,限制了人们对环氧合酶和脂氧合酶,以及多不饱和脂肪酸的过氧化在生理作用方面的研究。直到最近,才出现了对COX/LOX催化产生的活泼自由基定性和定量分析的报道。这里将对一种可以用来鉴定体外脂类过氧化产生的自由基产物的自旋捕捉-LC/ESR/MS联用技术的发展与改进过程进行综述。这种新颖的LC/ESR/MS联用技术首次使得直接检测多不饱和脂肪酸代谢产生的自由基成为可能,这对自由基的生理学作用研究是一个重大突破,为人们在多不饱和脂肪酸的生理作用以及环氧合酶和脂氧合酶催化的脂质过氧化方面的研究带来了极大便利。     

Spin Trapping by Use of N-Tert-Butylhydroxylamine. Involvement of Fenton Reactions

Spin trapping of short-lived R. radicals is done by use of N-tert-butylhydroxylamine (1) and H²O². The hydroxylamine is oxidized to the radical t-BuN(O)H (2) which is converted into the spin trap 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (3). Simultaneously, hydroxyl radicals. OH are formed from H²O². The latter radical species abstracts hydrogen atoms from suitable molecules HR to give R. radicals, which are trapped with the formation of aminooxyl radicals, i. e., t-BuN(O)R (4) detectable by EPR spectroscopy. The reaction is enhanced by the presence of iron ions. The cleavage of H²O² into. OH radicals is considered to involve both a radical-driven (t-BuN(O)H 2) and an iron-driven Fenton reaction.     

柑桔爆皮虫卵巢发育动态

本研究利用室内饲养成虫,对柑桔爆皮虫的蛹及正常取食和交配、正常取食但未交配以及正常交配但未取食三种处理的雌成虫的卵巢发育进行了系统观察。结果显示：该虫具有1对卵巢,每侧有5根卵巢管。前两种处理的雌虫卵巢管均能正常发育,成虫寿命在30天左右; 没有取食的雌虫寿命只有7天左右,在其卵巢管的生长区和成熟区均无卵形成。根据卵巢的形状、卵的产生过程、卵巢萼内有无卵粒以及卵黄沉积情况等将卵巢发育程度分为6个级别,即发育初期（0级）、卵黄沉积前期(Ⅰ级)、卵黄沉积期(Ⅱ级)、成熟待产期(Ⅲ级)、产卵盛期(Ⅳ级)和产卵末期(Ⅴ级)。每头雌虫最高怀卵量在140粒左右,根据雌虫怀卵量变化趋势,推测正常取食和交配的柑桔爆皮虫雌虫在出孔后10天左右开始产卵,产卵历期可达22天左右。据此提出该虫卵巢管发育到成熟待产期(Ⅲ级)之前（即羽化出孔后10天之内）为出孔成虫的防治适期。     

色彩对茶园昆虫的引诱力

为评估色板用于监测和诱捕茶园害虫的可能性,于10月份茶园昆虫盛发期在绍兴和杭州分别选有机、无公害茶园,同时使用10种粘性色板大面积诱捕茶园昆虫和蜘蛛.每种色彩重复10次.结果表明:(1)在两片供试茶园捕获的目、科和种类基本相同.蜘蛛很少.24 h后,绍兴茶园中10种色板共捕获9目53科10200个昆虫和蜘蛛;72 h 后杭州茶园中捕获10目63科21526个昆虫和蜘蛛.(2)同翅目为优势类群.绍兴茶园中,纯白色板诱捕的同翅目种数占该色板捕获的总物种数的15.2%、同翅目个体数占该色板捕获的总个体数的34.1%;其它9种色板诱捕同翅目种数占各自捕获总种数的21.2%～31.0%、同翅目个体数占各自捕获总个体数的45.8%～75.4%.杭州茶园中,纯白、湖蓝和天蓝色板诱捕同翅目种数小于各自捕获的总种数的20%、同翅目个体数小于各自捕获的总个体数的51%;其它7种色板诱捕同翅目种数大于各自捕获的总种数的22.7%,果绿和墨绿诱捕的同翅目个体数占各自诱捕的总个体数的48.6%和49.8%,桃红、素馨黄、土黄、芽绿和桔黄诱捕的同翅目个体数占各自诱捕的总个体数的55.5%～78.1%.绍兴茶园中,素馨黄和芽绿诱捕的粉虱、假眼小绿叶蝉和广翅蜡蝉分别占两种色板诱捕的总个体数的67.7%和50.1%;杭州茶园中,素馨黄和芽绿诱捕的这几种害虫总数分别占二者诱捕的总个体数的70.7% 和59.2%.(3) 捕获的主要是害虫,绍兴茶园中诱捕的害虫数是天敌的1.63倍,杭州茶园中诱捕的害虫数是天敌的2.23倍.(4)色板之间引诱的种数和个体数差异显著.素馨黄和芽绿诱捕的种数和个体数最多、被捕昆虫的群落多样性指数很小,对叶蝉、粉虱和蜡蝉的引诱力最强;土黄和桔黄诱捕的种数和个体数较多、多样性指数较小,对同翅目昆虫的引诱力较强;纯白色诱捕的种数和个体数居中、多样性指数最大,即诱捕的各种昆虫的个体数差别小;果绿、桃红、墨绿和湖蓝诱捕的种数和个体数明显较少、多样性指数也较小;天蓝色诱捕的种数和个体数最少.(5) 寄生蝇类偏嗜蓝色,缨小蜂类、茧蜂类和小蜂类偏嗜芽绿色.建议将素馨黄和芽绿色板与信息素组合,分别用于监测和诱捕叶蝉和粉虱.     

不同稻作年限下土壤微生物学性质和线虫群落特征的变化

红壤地区旱地改水田后随稻作年限的增加土壤性质会发生改变,但缺乏对百年尺度内土壤动物群落特征变化的了解.本研究选取了旱改水后1 yr、10 yr、20 yr、50 yr和100 yr五个时序的田块,研究了稻作土壤微生物学性质及线虫群落特征的变化.结果表明,随着稻作年限的延长,土壤微生物生物量碳氮、基础呼吸、矿质氮、速效磷、线虫数量及线虫属数均随稻作时间增长而逐渐上升,在50 yr均达到显著水平(P＜0.05),在50-100 yr变化渐缓或有所下降.线虫群落中植食者的比例显著上升(P＜0.05),捕食/杂食者的比例有所下降但差异不显著.线虫通道指数也随稻作年限的增加而逐渐增长(P＜0.05),表明土壤食物网结构趋向于细菌通道.稻作年限对线虫群落成熟度指数和结构指数的影响并不一致.总之,土壤微生物学性质和线虫群落在旱改水50 yr时土壤各项性质均达到较高水平,随稻作年限的继续延长呈现稳定趋势.     

过硫酸铵-N,N,N′,N′-四甲基乙二胺体系产生的氧自由基及其清除的研究

应用ESR和自旋捕集相结合的技术直接测定了过硫酸铵—N,N,N′,N′-四甲基乙二胺(AP-TEMED)体系产生的氧自由基,经计算机波谱模拟和计算波谱参数证实该体系产生的氧自由基是O_2~-和·OH。并用维生素C、茶多酚、超氧化物歧化酶等氧自由基清除剂,从聚丙烯酰胺凝胶法、化学发光法和脂质过氧化法不同角度研究了AP-TEMED体系在自由基研究方面的应用意义。     

An assessment of the influence of recruitment from the sediment on the development of planktonic populations of cyanobacteria in a temperate mesotrophic lake

1. A number of planktonic cyanobacteria species form resting stages that survive in the sediments of lakes. The significance of this life history strategy to the ecology of new planktonic populations was investigated in Esthwaite Water, a mesotrophic lake in the English Lake District.
2. A simple trapping technique was used to quantify vertical movements of five species of buoyant gas-vacuolate cyanobacteria from close to the sediments, along a depth transect.
3. 'Recruitment' from the sediments was found to be widespread amongst the cyanobacteria species associated with the summer phytoplankton community.
4. Estimates of the vertical upward fluxes of cyanobacteria based upon trap catches could not account for observed increases in the planktonic populations suggesting that 'recruitment' was not a significant source of biomass.
5. Vertical upward movements of Anabaena solitaria were recorded prior to this species becoming established in the plankton suggesting that benthic populations might be a source of cells for initial pelagic growth of populations of this species.
6. Low numbers of vegetative filaments of Anabaena flos-aquae , Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Oscillatoria agardhii were observed in the plankton through the winter. These small overwintering populations appeared to be the primary source of inocula for the large summer populations of these species.