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991.
Elizandra Braganhol Daiane Huppes Andressa Bernardi Márcia Rosângela Wink Guido Lenz Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini 《Cell and tissue research》2009,335(2):331-340
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common type of primary brain tumour and has the worst clinical outcome. Nucleotides represent
an important class of extracellular molecules involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Alterations in
purinergic signalling have been implicated in pathological processes, such as cancer, and glioma cell lines are widely employed
as a model to study the biology of brain tumours. Increasing evidence, however, suggests that glioma cell lines may not present
all the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the primary tumours. We have compared the biological characteristics of
C6 rat glioma cells in culture and the same cells after their implantation in the rat brain and growth in culture (denominated
as the C6 ex vivo culture model). Parameters evaluated included cell morphology, differentiation, angiogenic markers, purinergic receptors
and ecto-nucleotidase mRNA profile/enzymatic activity. Analysis of the C6 glioma cell line and C6 ex vivo glioma cultures revealed distinct cell morphologies, although cell differentiation and angiogenic marker expressions were
similar. Both glioma models co-expressed multiple P2X and P2Y receptor subtypes with some differences. In addition, the C6
glioma cell line and C6 ex vivo glioma cultures exhibited similar extracellular ATP metabolism and cell proliferation behaviour when exposed to cytotoxic
ATP concentrations. Thus, the disruption of purinergic signalling is a feature shown not only by glioma cell lineages, but
also by primary glioma cultures. Our results therefore suggest the participation of the purinergic system in glioma malignancy.
This study was supported by grants from the Brazilian agencies CNPq, FAPERGS and Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa e Eventos (HCPA).
E. Braganhol and D. Huppes were recipients of Brazilian CNPq fellowships; A. Bernardi was the recipient of a CAPES fellowship. 相似文献
992.
Chemosensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (OE) project axonal processes to the olfactory bulb (OB) of the brain. During
embryonic stages, on their trajectory to the OB, the outgrowing axons traverse the so-called cribriform mesenchyme, which
is located between the OE and the OB. The molecular cues guiding these axons through the cribriform mesenchyme are largely
unknown. To identify molecules influencing the axonal trajectory in the murine cribriform mesenchyme, we performed microarray
analyses focusing on extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins present in this tissue. Thereby, the ECM protein Reelin turned out
to be an interesting candidate. Reelin was found to be expressed by numerous cells in the cribriform mesenchyme during the
embryonic stages when the first axons navigate from the OE to the OB. These cells were closely associated with olfactory axons
and apparently lack glial and neuronal markers. In the mesenchyme underlying the OE, localization of the Reelin protein was
not confined to the Reelin-expressing cells, but it was also observed to be widely distributed in the ECM—most prominently
in regions traversed by olfactory axons. Importantly, these axons were found to be endowed with the Reelin receptor very-low-density
lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). Finally, Reelin expression was also detectable in neuronal cells of the OB, which are contacted
by VLDLR-positive olfactory axons. In summary, the results of the present study suggest that a Reelin/VLDLR signaling pathway
might contribute to the formation of olfactory projections to the OB and the establishment of initial contacts between the
incoming axons and neurons in the OB.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Funding: This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. 相似文献
993.
M. V. Satarić D. I. Ilić N. Ralević Jack Adam Tuszynski 《European biophysics journal : EBJ》2009,38(5):637-647
Microtubules (MTs) are important cytoskeletal polymers engaged in a number of specific cellular activities including the traffic
of organelles using motor proteins, cellular architecture and motility, cell division and a possible participation in information
processing within neuronal functioning. How MTs operate and process electrical information is still largely unknown. In this
paper we investigate the conditions enabling MTs to act as electrical transmission lines for ion flows along their lengths.
We introduce a model in which each tubulin dimer is viewed as an electric element with a capacitive, inductive and resistive
characteristics arising due to polyelectrolyte nature of MTs. Based on Kirchhoff’s laws taken in the continuum limit, a nonlinear
partial differential equation is derived and analyzed. We demonstrate that it can be used to describe the electrostatic potential
coupled to the propagating localized ionic waves.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
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利用透射显微镜(TEM)观察亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)幼虫取食了表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的转Bt基因玉米心叶组织后中肠的组织病理变化, 以探讨转Bt基因玉米对亚洲玉米螟的致病机理, 为其合理、安全和持续利用提供理论依据。结果表明:亚洲玉米螟取食Bt玉米后中肠细胞及其细胞器发生了明显的病变。取食Bt玉米12 h后中肠细胞开始病变, 首先微绒毛脱落、内质网开始肿胀, 24 h后内质网肿胀、增多, 杯状细胞杯腔增大, 48 h后微绒毛大量脱落, 细胞开始空泡化, 随着取食时间的增加, 细胞空泡化程度加剧, 在感染前期细胞间的病变程度差异较大。微绒毛脱落、内质网肿胀断裂是在多数取食Bt玉米的亚洲玉米螟中肠细胞发生的普遍病变。由此表明, 人工修饰的Cry1Ab基因导入到玉米染色体组中所表达的杀虫蛋白可使玉米螟幼虫中肠细胞发生病变, 最终导致其死亡。 相似文献
998.
Verónica Rojas Norbel Galanti Niels C. Bols Sergio H. Marshall 《Journal of cellular biochemistry》2009,108(3):631-637
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the etiologic agent of the salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), an endemic disease which causes significant losses in salmon production. This intracellular bacterium is normally cultured in salmonid epithelial cell lines inducing characteristic cytopathic effects (CPEs). In this study we demonstrate that P. salmonis is able to infect, survive, replicate, and propagate in the macrophages/monocytes cell line RTS11 derived from rainbow trout spleen, without inducing the characteristic CPEs and the host cells showing the same expression levels as non‐infected control cell. On the other hand, bacteria were capable of expressing specific proteins within infected cells. Infected macrophages cease proliferation and a fraction of them detached from the plate, transform to non‐adhesive, monocyte‐like cells with proliferative activity. Productive infection of P. salmonis into salmonid macrophage/monocyte cells in culture provides an excellent model for the study of host–pathogen interactions, almost unknown in the case of P. salmonis. Our results suggest that the infection of cells from the salmonid innate immune system without inducing an important cell death response should lead to the persistence of the bacteria and consequently their dissemination to other tissues, favoring the evasion of the first line of defense against pathogens. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 631–637, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
999.
Meng Yang Jose Reynoso Michael Bouvet Robert M. Hoffman 《Journal of cellular biochemistry》2009,106(2):279-284
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical for tumor growth and progression. We have previously developed color‐coded imaging of the TME using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic nude mouse as a host. However, most donor sources of cell types appropriate for study in the TME are from mice expressing GFP. Therefore, a nude mouse expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) would be an appropriate host for transplantation of GFP‐expressing stromal cells as well as double‐labeled cancer cells expressing GFP in the nucleus and RFP in the cytoplasm, thereby creating a three‐color imaging model of the TME. The RFP nude mouse was obtained by crossing non‐transgenic nude mice with the transgenic C57/B6 mouse in which the β‐actin promoter drives RFP (DsRed2) expression in essentially all tissues. In crosses between nu/nu RFP male mice and nu/+ RFP female mice, the embryos fluoresced red. Approximately 50% of the offspring of these mice were RFP nude mice. In the RFP nude mouse, the organs all brightly expressed RFP, including the heart, lungs, spleen, pancreas, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, the male and female reproductive systems; brain and spinal cord; and the circulatory system, including the heart, and major arteries and veins. The skinned skeleton highly expressed RFP. The bone marrow and spleen cells were also RFP positive. GFP‐expressing human cancer cell lines, including HCT‐116‐GFP colon cancer and MDA‐MB‐435‐GFP breast cancer were orthotopically transplanted to the transgenic RFP nude mice. These human tumors grew extensively in the transgenic RFP nude mouse. Dual‐color fluorescence imaging enabled visualization of human tumor–host interaction. The RFP nude mouse model should greatly expand our knowledge of the TME. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 279–284, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
1000.
Large proteins are usually expressed in a eukaryotic system while smaller ones are expressed in prokaryotic systems. For proteins that require glycosylation, mammalian cells, fungi or the baculovirus system is chosen. The least expensive, easiest and quickest expression of proteins can be carried out in Escherichia coli. However, this bacterium cannot express very large proteins. Also, for S–S rich proteins, and proteins that require post-translational modifications, E. coli is not the system of choice. The two most utilized yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris. Yeasts can produce high yields of proteins at low cost, proteins larger than 50 kD can be produced, signal sequences can be removed, and glycosylation can be carried out. The baculoviral system can carry out more complex post-translational modifications of proteins. The most popular system for producing recombinant mammalian glycosylated proteins is that of mammalian cells. Genetically modified animals secrete recombinant proteins in their milk, blood or urine. Similarly, transgenic plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and others can generate many recombinant proteins. 相似文献