中医药信息标准化进展

大力推进国民经济和社会信息化,是现代化建设的战略举措,是我国国民经济持续、健康、快速发展的必要条件和重要基础。加强中医药信息化建设是目前中医药事业发展改革创新的重大部署,也是中医药走向现代化的必经阶段。特别是近年来,中医药信息化发展步伐加快,中医药信息服务能力和水平不断提高,中医药信息化带来的巨大经济效益和社会价值日益显现。

     

2005—2009年我国中医医院资源情况分析

医院资源主要包括人员、床位、医疗设备、固定资产等。通过对2005—2009年我国中医医院机构数、床位、人员、固定资产等资源情况进行分析,并与综合医院进行比较,找出存在的问题,以期为“十二五”中医医院的发展提供参考。数据均来源于2005—2009年卫生部《中国卫生统计年鉴》和国家中医药管理局《全国中医药统计摘编》。     

对治疗糖尿病的传统中药中生命元素含量测定初步研究

利用原子吸收分光光度法对几味治疗糖尿病的常用中药进行锌、镁、铁、铜、铬、硒元素的含量测定。结果表明,实验选取的中药中与糖尿病关系密切的生命元素含量较丰富,且所测元素含量与糖尿病患者体内其含量呈负相关性。为探讨中药的作用机理、中药配制工艺提供一定的信息和理论依据,对于糖尿病患者治疗具有参考价值。     

Who learns from whom? Supporting users and developers of a major biodiversity e-infrastructure

Support systems play an important role for the communication between users and developers of software. We studied two support systems, an issues tracker and an email service available for Scratchpads, a Web 2.0 social networking tool that enables communities to build, share, manage and publish biodiversity information on the Web. Our aim was to identify co-learning opportunities between users and developers of the Scratchpad system by asking which support system was used by whom and for what type of questions. Our results show that issues tracker and emails cater to different user mentalities as well as different kind of questions and suggest ways to improve the support system as part of the development under the EU funded ViBRANT programme.     

基于NR2B基因探讨疏肝与补肾法对吗啡精神依赖的调节作用及机制

目的：探讨补肾法与舒肝法对大鼠吗啡精神依赖的调节作用及机制。方法：使用盐酸吗啡建立大鼠精神依赖模型（conditioned place preference,CPP）,采用Obersiver5．0行为学软件分析大鼠的CPP效应,并利用RealtimePCR方法测定伏核和前额叶皮质内NR2B亚基的mRNA含量。结果：与对照组相比,模型组大鼠在白侧累积停留时间极显著长于对照组（P〈0．01）,同时伏核与前额叶皮质中NR2B的mRNA水平也显著升高（P〈0．01和P〈0．05）;与模型组相比,补肾组和舒肝组大鼠在白侧的累积停留时间显著下调（P〈0．05）,疏肝组NR2B的mRNA也显著下降（P〈0．05）,而补肾组变化不显著。结论：①补肾法与舒肝法对吗啡引起的精神依赖均有调节作用。②舒肝法的作用机制可能在于通过影响伏核和前额叶皮质中NR2B亚基的mRNA表达进一步调节精神依赖的相关神经通路。③补肾法的作用机制与NR2B亚基的mRNA表达关系不密切,其调节的具体机制尚有待研究。     

独龙族农业生物资源及其传统知识调查

2008及2009年两次考察收集了云南省贡山独龙族怒族自治县独龙江乡,6个独龙族村寨的农业生物资源及其传统知识。考察发现独龙族栽种、管理和利用了包括30.4%的粮食、49.7%的蔬菜和17.7%的果树等丰富的农业生物种质资源,共收集到181份种质;独龙族积累了大量的利用农业生物资源的传统知识,如董棕（Caryota urans L.）粉、漆油鸡、漆油酥油茶和木瓜（Fructus chaenomelis speciosae）豆腐等传统食物加工与烹调方法的传统知识。     

Evidence for indigenous selection and distribution of the shea tree, Vitellaria paradoxa, and its potential significance to prevailing parkland savanna tree patterns in sub-Saharan Africa north of the equator

Aim Woody vegetation patterns in African savannas north of the equator are closely connected to human presence, but the distinctions between natural and anthropogenic landscapes have not been clear to many observers. Criteria for identifying savanna landscapes on a continuum of intensity of anthropic impact are explored. Methods A key savanna tree species, Vitellaria paradoxa (Sapotaceae), was used as model for evaluating anthropic impact. Fruits harvested from tree populations across the species range were analysed for variation in traits valued by indigenous peoples. A simple selection index was used to scale tree populations from a hypothetical wild state to a hypothetical domesticated state. Index values were compared with trait values along climate zone gradients and evaluated in the context of indigenous savanna management practices and historical species distribution reports. Results Trait values such as fruit size and shape, pulp sweetness, and kernel fat content show a significant influence of temperature and rainfall. At the same time, the mean values of groups of traits vary perpendicular to the general climatic zone gradient. Selection index values between Vitellaria populations vary up to sixfold, with highest values in central Burkina Faso. Comparison of present day Vitellaria distribution with historical range limits show range expansion by human migration. Main conclusions The prevalence of major economic tree species in the savannas of Africa north of the equator is a strong indicator of human involvement in tree dispersal. This conclusion is supported by paleobotanical evidence and by recent Vitellaria range expansion as a result of human migration. The presence of high mean values of several Vitellaria fruit traits in central Burkina Faso suggests that selection for desired characteristics has occurred. The impact of indigenous savanna peoples on woody species composition and spatial distribution is probably much greater than usually thought and is the result of a deliberate strategy of altering the landscape to provide needed human resources.     

Coppice Harvesting of Fuelwood Species on a South African Common: Utilizing Scientific and Indigenous Knowledge in Community Based Natural Resource Management

The limitations of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) with respect to the difficulties of comparing local versus scientific knowledge categories within a bounded definition of ‘community’ were investigated by means of a study exploring local indigenous knowledge pertaining to harvesting technique, and the impact of soil and species type on the post-harvest coppice response of popular savanna fuelwood species, among rural inhabitants of the Bushbuckridge region of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Soils and plants were evaluated chiefly in terms of their perceived ability to retain precipitation, making rainfall a driving force in local understanding of environmental productivity. Some indigenous knowledge showed an agreement with biological data, but overall the variability in responses, as well as the diverse scales at which indigenous and scientific knowledge is directed, were too great to allow for simplistic parallels between local ecological indices to be made. Indigenous environmental knowledge was underscored by the perceived symbolic link between environmental and social degradation. It is recommended that environmental managers incorporate indigenous knowledge as a component of a systems-level approach to natural resource management, where biological, cultural, economic, and symbolic aspects of natural resource use are nested within a broader ecosocial system. This approach to indigenous knowledge is offered as an alternative to the simple scientific evaluation that so often characterizes environmental management.     

Claiming respectable American motherhood: homebirth mothers, medical officials, and the state

Based on ethnographic research regarding public policy and grassroots organizing for midwifery in Virginia, this article explores how medical discourses around appropriate health care practices intersect with state discourses about what practices are considered "respectable" versus "pathological" for its citizens. In recent legislative debates about the legalization of direct-entry midwifery, medical officials have extended their criticism of midwifery and homebirth to mothers who resist state-sanctioned childbirth practices. This article examines how medical officials challenge the respectable mothering practices of homebirthers by linking them with women they deem pathological--child abusers, negligent mothers, and drug users--and placing them outside the cadre of "normal" American mothers who acknowledge the "logical" and "natural" superiority of biomedical childbirth practices. I also address homebirth mothers' responses, which assert that their political advocacy for midwives is a respectable mothering practice because they are responsible citizens who desire what they deem the best care for their children.     

Biochemical problems of regulation by oligopeptides

Some problems are considered which arise in biochemical studies on structure and function of natural oligopeptides consisting of 2–50 amino acid residues. The problems under consideration include the generation of oligopeptides from precursors, chemical structure, the role of functionally important radicals and spatial configuration, and structure-function relationships. Different types of regulation are shown mainly for oligopeptides involved in muscle contraction.Translated from Biokhimiya, Vol. 69, No. 11, 2004, pp. 1565–1573.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Zamyatnin.