硫酸盐对淡水养殖池塘表层底泥微生物的影响

硫酸盐引起的生态学效应已得到了越来越多的关注,但目前关于硫酸盐对养殖池塘底泥微生物的影响还知之甚少。【目的】探究不同浓度硫酸盐对养殖池塘底泥微生物的影响规律及可能的机制。【方法】本研究利用采集自养殖池塘的底泥和表层水构建了试验系统,研究了加入约0 mg/L （对照组）、30 mg/L （T1处理组）、150 mg/L （T2处理组）、500 mg/L （T3处理组） Na₂SO₄后表层底泥微生物的丰度、多样性、组成和共生网络的变化规律,并分析了环境影响因素。【结果】孵育第30天前,各实验组底泥微生物变化不大;但到第50天时,T2和T3处理组微生物丰度和多样性相比对照组均明显下降。相比其他实验组,T1处理组酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）相对丰度出现显著升高（P<0.05）,T3处理组变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）相对丰度出现显著升高（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,T1处理组增加了较多差异类群（62种）,而T3处理组差异类群大量减少（45种）。共生网络图分析显示硫酸盐浓度的增加引起了底泥微生物网络复杂性的增加,说明微生物群落可能通过自身的调节来响应硫酸盐引起的环境改变。冗余分析（redundant analysis,RDA）和相关性分析揭示底泥总有机碳、总氮和氧化还原电位是影响底泥微生物的主要环境因素,提示底泥微生物可能受到硫酸盐和有机质作用的影响。【结论】较长时间的高浓度硫酸盐会对池塘底泥微生物群落造成重要影响,微生物群落自身的转变和硫酸盐引起的有机质分解改变可能是造成微生物群落变化的关键因素。     

Anti-CRISPR Discovery: Using Magnets to Find Needles in Haystacks

CRISPR-Cas immune systems in bacteria and archaea protect against viral infection, which has spurred viruses to develop dedicated inhibitors of these systems called anti-CRISPRs (Acrs). Like most host-virus arms races, many diverse examples of these immune and counter-immune proteins are encoded by the genomes of bacteria, archaea, and their viruses. For the case of Acrs, it is almost certain that just a small minority of nature’s true diversity has been described. In this review, I discuss the various approaches used to identify these Acrs and speculate on the future for Acr discovery. Because Acrs can determine infection outcomes in nature and regulate CRISPR-Cas activities in applied settings, they have a dual importance to both host-virus conflicts and emerging biotechnologies. Thus, revealing the largely hidden world of Acrs should provide important lessons in microbiology that have the potential to ripple far beyond the field.     

Extraction,Antioxidant Activity and Identification of Flavonoids from Root Tubers of <i>Kosteletzkya virginica</i>

Kosteletzkya virginica (K. virginica) is used for revegetation of salt-affected coastal tidal flats and as a raw material of biodiesel. K. virginica root tuber, a biowaste with low economic value, is rich in bioactive compounds. This study aimed to extract and identify flavonoids from K. virginica root tubers. The optimal extraction conditions were 1/25 (w/v) solid/liquid ratio, 40% ethanol concentration at 40°C for 60 min. Under these conditions, 65.2 ± 3.7 mg/g total flavonoid content was extracted from the roots, which were collected from salinized soil in late autumn of the third year. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion scavenging assays. The extracted flavonoids exhibited antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. Five flavonoids, glucoliquiritin apioside, licoisoflavone B, 5-methoxy-7,8-diprenyl- flavone, 7,2′-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethyl-4′,5′-methylenedioxyflavan, and 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxy-6,8-di-Cmethylflavanone, were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Our results suggest that the flavonoids of K. virginica root tubers might be potent antioxidants and can be effectively applied as an ingredient in food and natural medicine.     

微生物镉解毒机制及微生物-植物互作修复研究进展

镉(cadmium,Cd)是引起粮食减产的主要金属之一,具有高溶解性及高迁移性,易被植物吸收和积累。微生物长期在镉胁迫的条件下进化出一系列的镉解毒机制。微生物对镉的解毒包括抑制Cd(Ⅱ)的进入、促进Cd(Ⅱ)的外排,以及将进入胞内的Cd(Ⅱ)进行“扣押”。微生物的Cd(Ⅱ)钝化是通过细胞吸附和胞外沉淀将游离态的Cd(Ⅱ)进行钝化,这类微生物具有较强的土壤镉污染治理潜力。本文主要介绍微生物的镉解毒机制、微生物-微生物互作、微生物-植物互作机制及其在镉污染生物修复中应用的最新研究进展。     

Effects of media composition on substrate removal by pure and mixed bacterial cultures

Continuous culture experiments with identical experimental designs were run with a mixed microbial community of activated sludge origin and an axenic bacterial culture derived from it. Each culture received 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) at a concentration of 160 mg/L as COD and L-lysine at a concentration of 65 mg/L as COD. A factorial experimental design was employed with dilution rate and media composition as the two controlled variables. Three dilution rates were studied: 0.015, 0.0325, and 0.05 h^–1. Media composition was changed by adding four biogenic compounds (butyric acid, thymine, glutamic acid and lactose) in equal COD proportions at total concentrations of 0, 34, 225, and 1462 mg/L as COD. The measured variables were the effluent concentrations of 2-CP as measured by the 4-aminoantipyrene test and lysine as measured by the o-diacetylbenzene procedure. The results suggest that community structure and substrate composition play important roles in the response of a microbial community to mixed substrates. The addition of more biogenic substrates to the axenic culture had a deleterious effect on the removal of both lysine and 2-CP, although the effect was much larger on lysine removal. In contrast, additional substrates had a positive effect on the removal of 2-CP by the mixed community and much less of a negative effect on the removal of lysine. The dilution rate at which the cultures were growing had relatively little impact on the responses to the additional substrates.Abbreviations COD chemical oxygen demand - 2-CP 2-chlorophenol - DOC dissolved organic carbon - MDL method detection limit - SS suspended solids     

Characterization of phosphoinositide kinases in normal and sickle anaemia red cells

PtdIns and PtdInsP kinases from normal erythrocyte (AA) membranes and sickle cell anaemia erythrocyte (SS) membranes have been characterized. PtdIns kinase was studied in native membranes under conditions in which PtdInsP kinase and PtdInsP phosphatase do not express any activity. Kinetic analysis of the AA and SS PtdIns kinases indicate similar K_m values for PtdIns and ATP but higher V_max values for SS PtdIns kinase. PtdInsP kinase was partially purified from erythrocyte ghosts by NaCl extraction. The kinetic parameters of PtdInsP kinase determined under these conditions were similar in AA and SS NaCl extracts. These data suggest the presence of some effector of PtdIns kinase in SS cell membranes, resulting in a greater activity of the enzyme. This leads consequently, to increase the PtdInsP pool and to activate PtdInsP kinase, in agreement with our previous observations of a greater [³²P]Pi incorporation in both polyphosphoinositides in SS cells relatively to AA cells.     

不同预处理对小鼠粪样菌群高通量测序分析结果的影响

应用高通量测序技术比较不同预处理对小鼠粪样菌群结构的影响,以期为后续相关研究提供参考依据。采集昆明小鼠新鲜粪样,分为原始粪样组、生理盐水处理组和PBS处理组,提取粪样DNA,采用Illumina MiSeq平台进行测序对3组样本的16S rRNA V3~V4区基因文库进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,3组样本拥有共同的OTUs 188个,不同预处理对粪样微生物多样性和丰度产生影响,生理盐水处理组、PBS处理组和原始粪样组分别检出14、11、12个门,3组样本共有门11个;分别检出24、21、21个纲,3组样本共有纲20个;分别检出62、55、59个科,3组样本共有科26个;分别检出147、126、137个属,3组样本共有属117个。总体来看,生理盐水处理组微生物多样性和丰度相对最高,原始粪样组次之,PBS处理组最低。粪样经生理盐水处理后,能在一定程度上提高肠道菌群检测的准确性。     

Contemporary issues,current best practice and ways forward in soil protist ecology

Soil protists are increasingly studied due to a release from previous methodological constraints and the acknowledgement of their immense diversity and functional importance in ecosystems. However, these studies often lack sufficient depth in knowledge, which is visible in the form of falsely used terms and false- or over-interpreted data with conclusions that cannot be drawn from the data obtained. As we welcome that also non-experts include protists in their still mostly bacterial and/or fungal-focused studies, our aim here is to help avoid some common errors. We provide suggestions for current terms to use when working on soil protists, like protist instead of protozoa, predator instead of grazer, microorganisms rather than microflora and other terms to be used to describe the prey spectrum of protists. We then highlight some dos and don'ts in soil protist ecology including challenges related to interpreting 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data. We caution against the use of standard bioinformatic settings optimized for bacteria and the uncritical reliance on incomplete and partly erroneous reference databases. We also show why causal inferences cannot be drawn from sequence-based correlation analyses or any sampling/monitoring, study in the field without thorough experimental confirmation and sound understanding of the biology of taxa. Together, we envision this work to help non-experts to more easily include protists in their soil ecology analyses and obtain more reliable interpretations from their protist data and other biodiversity data that, in the end, will contribute to a better understanding of soil ecology.     

CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF SCYTONEMIN,A CYANOBACTERIAL SHEATH PIGMENT1

Scytonemin, the yellow-brown pigment of cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) extracellular sheaths, was found in species thriving in habitats exposed to intense solar radiation. Scytonemin occurred predominantly in sheaths of the outermost parts or top layers of cyanobacterial mats, crusts, or colonies. Scytonemin appears to be a single compound identified in more than 30 species of cyanobacteria from cultures and natural populations. It is lipid soluble and has a prominent absorption maximum in the near-ultraviolet region of the spectrum (384 nm in acetone; ca. 370 nm in vivo) with a long tail extending to the infrared region. Microspectrophotometric measurements of the transmittance of pigmented sheaths and the quenching of ultraviolet excitation of phycocyanin fluorescence demonstrate that the pigment was effective in shielding the cells from incoming near-ultraviolet-blue radiation, but not from green or red light. High light intensity (between 99 and 250 μmol photon · m^?2· S^?1, depending on species) promoted the synthesis of scytonemin in cultures of cyanobacteria. In cultures, high light intensity caused reduction in the specific content of Chl a and phycobilins, increase in the ratio of total carotenoids to Chl a, and scytonemin increase. UV-A (320–400 nm) radiation was very effective in eliciting scytonemin synthesis. Scytonemin production was physiological and not due to a mere photochemical conversion. These results strongly suggest that scytonemin production constitutes an adaptive strategy of photoprotection against short-wavelength solar irradiance.     

Soil-surface carbon dioxide efflux and microbial biomass in relation to tree density 13 years after a stand replacing fire in a lodgepole pine ecosystem

The effects of fire on soil‐surface carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux, F_S, and microbial biomass carbon, C_mic, were studied in a wildland setting by examining 13‐year‐old postfire stands of lodgepole pine differing in tree density (< 500 to > 500 000 trees ha^?1) in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). In addition, young stands were compared to mature lodgepole pine stands (～110‐year‐old) in order to estimate ecosystem recovery 13 years after a stand replacing fire. Growing season F_S increased with tree density in young stands (1.0 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 in low‐density stands, 1.8 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 in moderate‐density stands and 2.1 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 in high‐density stands) and with stand age (2.7 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 in mature stands). Microbial biomass carbon in young stands did not differ with tree density and ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 mg C g^?1 dry soil over the growing season; C_mic was significantly greater in mature stands (0.5–0.8 mg C g^?1 dry soil). Soil‐surface CO₂ efflux in young stands was correlated with biotic variables (above‐ground, below‐ground and microbial biomass), but not with abiotic variables (litter and mineral soil C and N content, bulk density and soil texture). Microbial biomass carbon was correlated with below‐ground plant biomass and not with soil carbon and nitrogen, indicating that plant activity controls not only root respiration, but C_mic pools and overall F_S rates as well. These findings support recent studies that have demonstrated the prevailing importance of plants in controlling rates of F_S and suggest that decomposition of older, recalcitrant soil C pools in this ecosystem is relatively unimportant 13 years after a stand replacing fire. Our results also indicate that realistic predictions and modeling of terrestrial C cycling must account for the variability in tree density and stand age that exists across the landscape as a result of natural disturbances.