蓝莓果渣提取物总酚含量及抗氧化活性研究

研究了蓝莓果渣提取物总酚含量及其抗氧化活性。分别采用水、40%乙醇及纤维素酶辅助乙醇超声提取蓝莓果渣,并用Folin-Ciocalteu试剂对3种提取物的总酚含量进行评估;并采用DPPH清除实验及O2—.清除实验对3种提取物的抗氧化活性进行研究。实验结果表明,纤维素酶辅助超声提取蓝莓果渣的总酚含量最高,可达425.36±15.21 mg GAE.100 g-1DW,远远高于水提物(169.46±9.75 mg GAE.100 g-1DW)及醇提物(218.39±12.54mg GAE.100 g-1DW)中的总酚含量。且纤维素酶辅助乙醇超声提取物对DPPH的清除能力为2.67±0.13 gVc.100 g-1DW,对O—.2的清除能力2.48±0.14 g Vc.100 g-1DW,明显好于醇提物及水提物抗氧化活性。     

PHYLOGENY OF AULACOSEIRA (BACILLARIOPHYTA) BASED ON MOLECULES AND MORPHOLOGY1

The phylogeny of 67 populations representing 45 species of Aulacoseira Thwaites was estimated by maximum parsimony methods using a combination of nucleotide sequence data and qualitative and quantitative morphological characteristics of the silica cell wall gathered primarily from original observation by LM and SEM. A new type of character using continuous quantitative variables that describe the ontogenetic‐allometric trajectories of cell wall characteristics over the life cycle (size range) of diatoms is introduced. In addition to the 45 Aulacoseira species, the phylogeny also incorporated one Miosira Krammer, Lange‐Bertalot, and Schiller species and two outgroup species (Melosira varians Agardh and Stephanopyxis nipponica Gran & Yendo). Fifteen species, represented by 24 populations, also contained molecular data from the nuclear genome (18S rDNA), and 11 of these species (18 populations) contained data from the chloroplast genome (rbcL) as well, which were sequenced or downloaded from GenBank. The phylogeny of Aulacoseira is composed of five major clades: 1) an A. crenulata (Ehrenburg) Thwaites and A. italica (Ehrenburg) Simonsen clade, which is the most basal; 2) an A. granulata (Ehrenburg) Simonsen complex clade; 3) an A. ambigua (Grunow) Simonsen clade; 4) an A. subarctica (O. Müller) Haworth and A. distans (Ehrenburg) Simonsen clade; and 5) an A. islandica (O. Müller) Simonsen clade that also contained endemic species from Lake Baikal, Siberia and many extinct Aulacoseira taxa. Monophyly of Aulacoseira can only be achieved if Miosira is no longer given separate generic status.     

Extraction,Antioxidant Activity and Identification of Flavonoids from Root Tubers of <i>Kosteletzkya virginica</i>

Kosteletzkya virginica (K. virginica) is used for revegetation of salt-affected coastal tidal flats and as a raw material of biodiesel. K. virginica root tuber, a biowaste with low economic value, is rich in bioactive compounds. This study aimed to extract and identify flavonoids from K. virginica root tubers. The optimal extraction conditions were 1/25 (w/v) solid/liquid ratio, 40% ethanol concentration at 40°C for 60 min. Under these conditions, 65.2 ± 3.7 mg/g total flavonoid content was extracted from the roots, which were collected from salinized soil in late autumn of the third year. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion scavenging assays. The extracted flavonoids exhibited antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. Five flavonoids, glucoliquiritin apioside, licoisoflavone B, 5-methoxy-7,8-diprenyl- flavone, 7,2′-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethyl-4′,5′-methylenedioxyflavan, and 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxy-6,8-di-Cmethylflavanone, were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Our results suggest that the flavonoids of K. virginica root tubers might be potent antioxidants and can be effectively applied as an ingredient in food and natural medicine.     

Genetic variation and drought response in two Populus × euramericana genotypes through 2-DE proteomic analysis of leaves from field and glasshouse cultivated plants

Genotype and water deficit effects on leaf 2-DE protein profiles of two Populus deltoides × Populus nigra, cv. ‘Agathe_F’ and ‘Cima’, were analysed over a short-term period of 18 days in glasshouse using 4-month-old rooted cuttings and over a long-lasting period of 86 days in open field using 4-year-old rooted cuttings. Leaf proteomes were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and proteins were identified after database searching from MS peptide spectra.A reliable genotype effect was observed in the leaf proteome over experiment locations, water regimes and sampling dates. Quantitative differences between genotypes were found. Most of them corresponded to proteins matching isoforms or post-translational modification variants. However, ‘Cima’ displayed the highest abundance of antioxidant enzymes.In response to water deficit, about 10% of the reproducible spots significantly varied regardless of the experiment location, among which about 25% also displayed genotype-dependent variations. As a whole, while ‘Cima’ differed from ‘Agathe_F’ by increased abundance of enzymes involved in photorespiration and in oxidative stress, ‘Agathe_F’ was mainly differentiated by increased abundance of enzymes involved in photosynthesis.     

日粮水平对鲇鱼日总代谢,特殊动力作用和活动代谢的影响

在２５℃不同日粮水平（饥饿─４％体重／ｄ）条件下,采用封闭式呼吸仪测定了３１尾鲇鱼（体重７２．９─１３３．３ｇ）的日总代谢率,然后,将鱼限制在呼吸室中的限动笼内测定了其中２０尾鲇鱼的静止日总代谢率,并计算出了鲇鱼的特殊动力作用（ＳＤＡ）和活动代谢率。日总代谢率和活动代谢率都随日粮水平的升高呈“Ｖ”形变化,分别在约１％和２％体重／ｄ的日粮水平时最低,ＳＤＡ的能量支出占摄入能量的２２．１４％。     

Characterization of phosphoinositide kinases in normal and sickle anaemia red cells

PtdIns and PtdInsP kinases from normal erythrocyte (AA) membranes and sickle cell anaemia erythrocyte (SS) membranes have been characterized. PtdIns kinase was studied in native membranes under conditions in which PtdInsP kinase and PtdInsP phosphatase do not express any activity. Kinetic analysis of the AA and SS PtdIns kinases indicate similar K_m values for PtdIns and ATP but higher V_max values for SS PtdIns kinase. PtdInsP kinase was partially purified from erythrocyte ghosts by NaCl extraction. The kinetic parameters of PtdInsP kinase determined under these conditions were similar in AA and SS NaCl extracts. These data suggest the presence of some effector of PtdIns kinase in SS cell membranes, resulting in a greater activity of the enzyme. This leads consequently, to increase the PtdInsP pool and to activate PtdInsP kinase, in agreement with our previous observations of a greater [³²P]Pi incorporation in both polyphosphoinositides in SS cells relatively to AA cells.     

Extraction of total phenolic content from Azadirachta indica or (neem) leaves: Kinetics study

The objective of this work is to put forth the optimization and kinetics of total phenolic compounds extraction from Azadirachta indica leaves in a stirred batch extraction. Various experiential extraction parameters have been studied for maximum extraction of the total phenolic compounds. The maximum yield of total phenolic compounds was found to be 10.80?mg?g^?1 of dried neem powder under the optimized conditions. The extraction kinetics behavior followed first-order kinetics with diffusion coefficient ranged from 1.8?×?10^?12 to 3.2?×?10^?12?m² s^?1 for all sets. Activation energy (E_a) value for the extraction of the total phenolic compounds was found to be 22.87?kJ?mol^?1. The kinetic expression model developed by Spiro and Siddique showed a good agreement with the experimental outcomes. The obtained results can be used to scale up the operations for industrial purposes.     

黄芪总黄酮对DNA损伤防护作用的研究

用DNA解旋荧光检测法(FADU)研究了黄芪总黄酮(TFA)对γ射线和H₂O₂所致V79细胞DNA链断裂的防护作用. 结果表明TFA对这两种损伤因子所致的DNA损伤均有不同程度的防护作用, 当TFA浓度达到0.4g/L和0.6g/L时, 分别对H₂O₂和γ射线所致的损伤有保护作用(P<0.05), 而浓度增至0.8g/L和1.2g/L时, 分别对两种因素所致的DNA链断裂损伤有非常显著的防护效果(P<0.01), 对H₂O₂的防护效果优于对γ射线.     

CONTRIBUTION OF CIRCADIAN PHYSIOLOGY AND SLEEP HOMEOSTASIS TO AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN HUMAN SLEEP

The circadian pacemaker and sleep homeostasis play pivotal roles in vigilance state control. It has been hypothesized that age-related changes in the human circadian pacemaker, as well as sleep homeostatic mechanisms, contribute to the hallmarks of age-related changes in sleep, that is, earlier wake time and reduced sleep consolidation. Assessments of circadian parameters in healthy young (～20–30 years old) and older people (～65–75 years old)—in the absence of the confounding effects of sleep, changes in posture, and light exposure—have demonstrated that an earlier wake time in older people is accompanied by about a 1h advance of the rhythms of core body temperature and melatonin. In addition, older people wake up at an earlier circadian phase of the body temperature and plasma melatonin rhythm. The amplitude of the endogenous circadian component of the core body temperature rhythm assessed during constant routine and forced desynchrony protocols is reduced by 20–30% in older people. Recent assessments of the intrinsic period of the human circadian pacemaker in the absence of the confounding effects of light revealed no age-related reduction of this parameter in both sighted and blind individuals. Wake maintenance and sleep initiation are not markedly affected by age except that sleep latencies are longer in older people when sleep initiation is attempted in the early morning. In contrast, major age-related reductions in the consolidation and duration of sleep occur at all circadian phases. Sleep of older people is particularly disrupted when scheduled on the rising limb of the temperature rhythm, indicating that the sleep of older people is more susceptible to arousal signals genernpated by the circadian pacemaker. Sleep-homeostatic mechanisms, as assayed by the sleep-deprivation–induced increase of EEG slow-wave activity (SWA), are operative in older people, although during both baseline sleep and recovery sleep SWA in older people remains at lower levels. The internal circadian phase advance of awakening, as well as the age-related reduction in sleep consolidation, appears related to an age-related reduction in the promotion of sleep by the circadian pacemaker during the biological night in combination with a reduced homeostatic pressure for sleep. Early morning light exposure associated with this advance of awakening in older people could reinforce the advanced circadian phase. Quantification of the interaction between sleep homeostasis and circadian rhythmicity contributes to understanding age-related changes in sleep timing and quality. (Chronobiology International, 17(3), 285–311, 2000)