基于植物-地形关系的物种丰富度空间格局预测——GAMs途径的一种应用

将基于样本调查数据的群落-生境因子回归分析与GIS支持下的植物属性空间格局预测结合起来,是国际上植被-环境关系定量研究的新途径。通用可加性模型（GAM）的非参数属性使之具有对不同数据类型的广泛适应性,成为这种“回归分析＋空间预测”途经的有效手段;不同程度上依赖于数字高程模型的环境空间数据集是实现空间预测的必要条件。介绍了这一新的研究途径,并应用于案例研究区域植物多样性指标空间格局的预测和分析。野外调查的一组样方地形特征指标和植物多样性指标（包括样方物种丰富度及乔木、灌木、草本、常绿木本、珍稀种类的丰富度）,分别作为预测变量和响应变量,建立GAM模型。结合研究区域10m分辨率的数字高程模型,对该区域植物物种丰富度的空间格局进行空间预测,并对预测模型和结果进行统计分析和检验。结果表明：（1）不同的多样性指标具有不同的模型结构和模拟效果,重复模拟的结果稳定性也不同,反映了所受地形因子影响的差异;（2）影响各多样性指标空间格局的地形变量主要是坡位和坡度等小尺度特征,大尺度海拔因素的影响并不显著;（3）模拟结果与独立检验数据的相关分析表明,对乔木种、草本种、珍稀种的模拟全部有效;对常绿种和样方物种总数的模拟部分有效;而对灌木种丰富度的预测基本失败。（4）模型预测变量有效性和全面性决定了模型对数据的解释能力,样本大小对模型的稳定性和可靠性也有显著影响。就地形因子对生境条件的代表性、模拟误差的来源及GAMs模型的优缺点和应用前景进行了讨论。     

云雾山自然保护区环境因素对土壤水分空间分布的影响

选取黄土高原云雾山自然保护区天然草地,研究分析了地形因素、植被类型、降雨和封育措施对土壤水分的影响,研究结果表明:在0～100 cm土壤,单点季节平均土壤含水量的空间变化主要受坡向、坡位、群落类型和封育措施的影响;在深层土壤100～300cm,相对海拔、坡位、坡向、群落类型和封育措施在控制土壤水分的再分布中具有重要作用.不同的环境因素对土壤水分空间分布影响的季节变化存在明显差异,坡度、相对海拔、坡位与土壤湿度的关系依赖于前期降雨量,土壤湿度和坡度、海拔、坡位和封育措施的相关性一般随前期降雨的增加而增大.群落类型对土壤湿度的影响与群落盖度和蒸腾速率有关,在植被盖度差异较大的5月份和蒸腾速率差异较大的7月份影响显著.坡向对土壤湿度的影响依赖于太阳辐射的变化,在太阳辐射较强烈的7月份差异显著.由于长期自然封育,草地覆盖度不断增加,其蓄水保水能力增强,对土壤水分的调节能力得到提高,从而能在一定程度上改善土壤水分条件.     

贺兰山油松和青海云杉交错区的物种丰富度研究

对贺兰山东坡的油松(Pinus tabulaeformisCarr.)和青海云杉(Picea crassifoliaKom.)交错区进行了野外群落调查和数据分析。结果表明,该交错区跨越2 100~2 500 m海拔范围,油松林和青海云杉林的海拔分界线为2 300~2 350 m。地形是该交错区群落物种丰富度的主要影响因子,阳坡群落的物种丰富度高于阴坡。中等坡度样地的物种丰富度较低;平缓或陡峭样地的物种丰富度较高。海拔升高,物种的丰富度也有所增加。当群落中油松和青海云杉的优势度基本相等时,为典型的油松与青海云杉交错区,在该交错区内,随着油松优势度的降低和青海云杉优势度的升高,土壤条件有所改善,物种丰富度增加。     

A review and meta‐analysis of the effects of climate change on Holarctic mountain and upland bird populations

Mountain regions are globally important areas for biodiversity but are subject to multiple human‐induced threats, including climate change, which has been more severe at higher elevations. We reviewed evidence for impacts of climate change on Holarctic mountain bird populations in terms of physiology, phenology, trophic interactions, demography and observed and projected distribution shifts, including effects of other factors that interact with climate change. We developed an objective classification of high‐elevation, mountain specialist and generalist species, based on the proportion of their breeding range occurring in mountain regions. Our review found evidence of responses of mountain bird populations to climate (extreme weather events, temperature, rainfall and snow) and environmental (i.e. land use) change, but we know little about either the underlying mechanisms or the synergistic effects of climate and land use. Long‐term studies assessing reproductive success or survival of mountain birds in relation to climate change were rare. Few studies have considered shifts in elevational distribution over time and a meta‐analysis did not find a consistent direction in elevation change. A meta‐analysis carried out on future projections of distribution shifts suggested that birds whose breeding distributions are largely restricted to mountains are likely to be more negatively impacted than other species. Adaptation responses to climate change rely mostly on managing and extending current protected areas for both species already present, and for expected colonizing species that are losing habitat and climate space at lower elevation. However, developing effective management actions requires an improvement in the current knowledge of mountain species ecology, in the quality of climate data and in understanding the role of interacting factors. Furthermore, the evidence was mostly based on widespread species rather than mountain specialists. Scientists should provide valuable tools to assess the status of mountain birds, for example through the development of a mountain bird population index, and policy‐makers should influence legislation to develop efficient agri‐environment schemes and forestry practices for mountain birds, as well as to regulate leisure activities at higher elevations.     

Designing ecological climate change impact assessments to reflect key climatic drivers

Identifying the climatic drivers of an ecological system is a key step in assessing its vulnerability to climate change. The climatic dimensions to which a species or system is most sensitive – such as means or extremes – can guide methodological decisions for projections of ecological impacts and vulnerabilities. However, scientific workflows for combining climate projections with ecological models have received little explicit attention. We review Global Climate Model (GCM) performance along different dimensions of change and compare frameworks for integrating GCM output into ecological models. In systems sensitive to climatological means, it is straightforward to base ecological impact assessments on mean projected changes from several GCMs. Ecological systems sensitive to climatic extremes may benefit from what we term the ‘model space’ approach: a comparison of ecological projections based on simulated climate from historical and future time periods. This approach leverages the experimental framework used in climate modeling, in which historical climate simulations serve as controls for future projections. Moreover, it can capture projected changes in the intensity and frequency of climatic extremes, rather than assuming that future means will determine future extremes. Given the recent emphasis on the ecological impacts of climatic extremes, the strategies we describe will be applicable across species and systems. We also highlight practical considerations for the selection of climate models and data products, emphasizing that the spatial resolution of the climate change signal is generally coarser than the grid cell size of downscaled climate model output. Our review illustrates how an understanding of how climate model outputs are derived and downscaled can improve the selection and application of climatic data used in ecological modeling.     

水土流失治理措施对小流域土壤有机碳和全氮的影响

明确综合治理条件下小流域土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)和全氮(Total nitrogen,TN)的空间分布特征及其影响因素,对科学评价水土流失区土壤固碳潜力具有重要意义。以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型小流域(砖窑沟流域)为对象,基于流域内3种典型地貌类型(梁峁坡、沟坡、沟谷)和3种典型水土流失治理措施(水平梯田、林地和草地措施,坡耕地为对照),采集土壤样品737个,研究地貌类型和水土流失治理措施对小流域SOC和TN变化的影响。结果表明,同一地貌类型上,水平梯田、林地和草地措施的SOC和TN(0—10 cm土层)含量均显著高于坡耕地(P<0.1)。梁峁坡上,水平梯田、林地和草地措施条件下的SOC和TN含量较坡耕地依次提高了18%和24%、70%和59%、25%和21%;沟坡上,林地和草地措施的SOC和TN较坡耕地依次提高了76%和54%、25%和27%。同一治理措施在不同地貌类型间对0—10 cm土层SOC和TN的影响存在显著差异(P<0.1)。水平梯田条件下,沟谷的SOC和TN含量比峁坡提高了46%和43%;林地措施条件下,沟坡的SOC和TN含量比峁坡提高了18%和6%;草地措施条件下,沟坡的SOC和TN含量比峁坡提高了14%和18%。0—100 cm土层的SOC或TN在不同地貌类型或不同治理措施间的差异与土壤水分含量(Soil moisture,SM)的变化趋势基本一致,并且SOC或TN与SM呈指数关系y=aebx(y为SOC或TN,x为SM)。     

三峡山地不同类型植被和坡位对土壤水文功能的影响

土壤层下渗和贮蓄水分的水文功能是森林保持水土、涵养水源的基础。以三峡山地大老岭林区为研究区,采集常绿林、落叶林和草地覆盖下不同坡位的原状土样,测定其饱和导水率和水分特征曲线,分析植被类型和坡位对土壤水分参数和库容的影响。结果表明:常绿林地的入渗性能最好,饱和导水率为7.80—322.81 cm/d,大于落叶林地(0.33—137.03 cm/d)和草地(0.84—115.80 cm/d);坡位间差异表现为上坡高于下坡。不同样地的饱和含水量差异较小,但毛管持水量和田间持水量差异明显,草地最大,为20.77%—50.39%;不同坡位比较表现为下坡高于上坡。不同样地土壤水库容量差异较大,由田间持水量得到的库容量占总库容量的百分比以草地最大(63.25%),其次是落叶林地,常绿林地最小;坡位上表现为下坡的田间持水库容大于上坡。饱和导水率与土壤总孔隙度、有机质含量呈显著正相关,与容重呈显著负相关;饱和含水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量均与土壤总孔隙度、有机质含量和粉粒含量呈显著正相关,与容重、砂粒含量呈显著负相关。综合以上,草地持水性能最强,利于保蓄水分,常绿林地最弱,更利于水分入渗,补给地下水,下坡位的持水性能强于上坡位。     

流域空间结构指标与药物污染水平的关系研究

流域地表特征与土地利用结构同流域水环境质量关系密切。流域空间结构指标能够表征流域空间结构特征和生态功能,主要包括流域特征指标和景观格局指数等。为探讨海湾流域生态系统结构与药物污染特征之间的关系,以浙江象山湾为研究区域,采用固相萃取、超高效液相色谱质谱联用等分析手段,研究流域水环境中药物的污染水平、分析其分布特征与流域特征指标和景观结构的关系。结果表明,象山湾22个流域共有22种药物检出,总检出浓度范围为n.d.—220.2 ng/L,主要包括林可霉素、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、抗癫痫药物、β受体阻滞剂、抗抑郁药物,其中林可霉素、大环内酯类和抗癫痫药物的检出率高达100%,检出浓度分别为2.36—29.1 ng/L、n.d.—35.8 ng/L和n.d.—37.5 ng/L。流域地貌结构指标与水环境药物污染关系密切,其中平均坡度(MS)与药物总浓度、面积高程曲线斜率(SAEC)与β受体阻滞剂都呈显著负相关关系(P<0.01);流域景观结构也与水环境药物污染紧密相关,其中景观蔓延度指数(CONTAG)、城镇用地面积加权平均形状因子(IsSHAPE-AM)、林地最大斑块景观面积比(fLPI...     

山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林种子雨的地形格局

种子雨是森林群落更新繁殖体的主要来源。而地形对植被空间格局异质性的影响机制之一 ,就是作用于种子雨的空间分布。为了在亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落中检验这一假设 ,在湖北宜昌市大老岭国家森林公园内、海拔 130 0～ 14 95 m之间的一片天然次生林内进行野外比较观测实验。选择 10个不同的地形部位 ,在每一点设置重复 (5个 )的种子雨收集器 ,在种子雨期间定期收集并记录种子雨的种类及数量。 2 0 0 1、2 0 0 2年的观测数据分析表明 :(1)种子雨密度和物种丰富度在不同地形坡位、坡形上差异显著 ,都沿山脊 -山坡 -山谷梯度和凸坡 -平坡 -凹坡梯度而减小 ;(2 )种子雨的密度和物种丰富度受坡向和坡度的影响不显著 ;(3)种子雨和乔木层物种构成的相似性与坡位和坡形呈显著的正相关 ;与坡度呈不显著的负相关 ,与坡向值间存在非线性关系 ;(4 )地形影响种子雨扩散的可能机制包括 ,影响不同种类母树的分布及其密度格局 ,影响不同坡位或坡形上分布的母树种子生产的强度和节律 ,影响风力的方向和大小的分布 ,从而形成水平方向种子流的源 -汇分化。     

Water,land, fire,and forest: Multi‐scale determinants of rainforests in the Australian monsoon tropics

The small rainforest fragments found in savanna landscapes are powerful, yet often overlooked, model systems to understand the controls of these contrasting ecosystems. We analyzed the relative effect of climatic variables on rainforest density at a subcontinental level, and employed high‐resolution, regional‐level analyses to assess the importance of landscape settings and fire activity in determining rainforest density in a frequently burnt Australian savanna landscape. Estimates of rainforest density (ha/km²) across the Northern Territory and Western Australia, derived from preexisting maps, were used to calculate the correlations between rainforest density and climatic variables. A detailed map of the northern Kimberley (Western Australia) rainforests was generated and analyzed to determine the importance of geology and topography in controlling rainforests, and to contrast rainforest density on frequently burnt mainland and nearby islands. In the northwestern Australian, tropics rainforest density was positively correlated with rainfall and moisture index, and negatively correlated with potential evapotranspiration. At a regional scale, rainforests showed preference for complex topographic positions and more fertile geology. Compared with mainland areas, islands had significantly lower fire activity, with no differences between terrain types. They also displayed substantially higher rainforest density, even on level terrain where geomorphological processes do not concentrate nutrients or water. Our multi‐scale approach corroborates previous studies that suggest moist climate, infrequent fires, and geology are important stabilizing factors that allow rainforest fragments to persist in savanna landscapes. These factors need to be incorporated in models to predict the future extent of savannas and rainforests under climate change.