New genera and species of Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) from New Zealand

Abstract

New genera Isothraulus, Arachnocolus, and Penniketellus are established for three species of leptophlebiid mayfly from New Zealand. Each genus is monotypic and endemic to New Zealand. Isothraulus and Arachnocolus are known only from the northern North Island, and Penniketellus is known only from the Arthur's Pass area of the central South Island. The male and female imago, nymph, and egg of Isothraulus abditus n.sp., the male imago, male subimago, and nymph of Arachnocolus phillipsi n.sp., and the male and female imago, female subimago, and egg of Penniketellus insolitus n.sp. are described. The relationships of each genus and the ecology of nymphs of each species are discussed.     

毛竹林生态系统能量动态分室新模型

根据福建省建瓯市40块毛竹[Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.)Mitford cv.Pubescens]林标准地的能量测定资料,提出毛竹林生态系统能量动态分室新模型,进而对毛竹林各分室的能量进行模拟。结果表明：所建立的新的分室模型更能反映毛竹林生态系统能量动态规律,从而为毛竹林的丰产与稳产提供理论依据。     

Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) and α-glucosidase by geranylated flavonoids from Paulownia tomentosa

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α-glucosidase are important targets to treat obesity and diabetes, due to their deep correlation with insulin and leptin signalling, and glucose regulation. The methanol extract of Paulownia tomentosa fruits showed potent inhibition against both enzymes. Purification of this extract led to eight geranylated flavonoids (1–8) displaying dual inhibition of PTP1B and α-glucosidase. The isolated compounds were identified as flavanones (1–5) and dihydroflavonols (6–8). Inhibitory potencies of these compounds varied accordingly, but most of the compounds were highly effective against PTP1B (IC₅₀?=?1.9–8.2?μM) than α-glucosidase (IC₅₀?=?2.2–78.9?μM). Mimulone (1) was the most effective against PTP1B with IC₅₀?=?1.9?μM, whereas 6-geranyl-3,3′,5,5′,7-pentahydroxy-4′-methoxyflavane (8) displayed potent inhibition against α-glucosidase (IC₅₀?=?2.2?μM). All inhibitors showed mixed type Ι inhibition toward PTP1B, and were noncompetitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase. This mixed type behavior against PTP1B was fully demonstrated by showing a decrease in V_max, an increase of K_m, and K_ik/K_iv ratio ranging between 2.66 and 3.69.     

毛泡桐与白花泡桐正反交F1无性系自然接干性状的遗传变异

利用田间实验和统计分析方法,研究了毛泡桐[Paulownia tomentosa（Thunb．）Steud．]与白花泡桐[P.fortunei（Seem．）Hemsl．]正反交F1无性系自然接干性状的遗传变异。结果表明,供试的11个F1无性系的22个自然接干性状具有广泛而明显的遗传变异和变异差异,其中接干高、全干高、接干材积、全干材积、接干材秽全干材积、通直度和丛枝病等级是变异最大的7个自然接干性状（CV〉30）;在6个正交F1无性系间和5个反交F1无性系间,绝大多数自然接干性状的差异达极显著水平;在毛泡桐与白花泡桐正交F1无性系和反交F1无性系间,22个自然接干性状均存在极显著差异。     

Cryptic seed heteromorphism in Packera tomentosa (Asteraceae): differences in mass and germination

Seed mass variation and heteromorphism may afford plant species differential germination behavior and ultimately seedling success, particularly in disturbed habitats. We asked whether such variation occurs in Packera tomentosa (Michx.) C. Jeffrey (Asteraceae), a clonal species of the southeastern USA. Seed mass was compared within and among genetic individuals differentiated using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. We compared central and peripheral seeds produced by disc and ray florets, respectively, for their morphology, mass, and germination behavior, including response to water availability, aging, and cold stratification. Seed mass was highly variable both within and among individuals and influenced germination behavior. We found cryptic seed heteromorphism in P. tomentosa. Central and peripheral seeds had similar morphologies but dissimilar mass and biomass allocation. We used failure time analysis to detect different germination behavior. Central seeds were heavier, contained larger embryos, and germinated faster and at a higher proportion in most germination studies. Highly variable mass and heteromorphism of seeds may allow persistence of P. tomentosa in its disturbed habitats. Based on our results, some future studies of Asteraceae species with disc and ray florets may need to account for possible differences between seed types, even when morphological differences are not apparent. Evaluation of individual seed mass and maternal differences in germination studies may assist in the detection of cryptic seed heteromorphism, a phenomenon thought to be common, yet rarely documented.     

毛白杨非转化组培根及Ri质粒转化植株的根切段在培养中分化的比较(简报)

毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)是我国特有的树种,适应性强,枝叶茂盛,防护性能好,且材质轻软,纹理细致。既是重要的速生用材树种,又是防护林和行道绿化的重要树种,它也是造纸、火柴、纤维工业的重要原料。虽然毛白杨能通过扦插等技术进行繁殖,但毛白杨扦插时生根比较困难。通过导入外源的与激素合成有关的基因来调节再生植株在组织培养中的分化在草本植物中已有不少报道,见许智宏等。本研究试图通过比较正常植株与发根农杆菌Ri质粒转化的再生植株的根切段在培养中分化的差异,以期能建立一种有效的毛白杨的遗传转化系统。     

林窗对热带雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼幼苗生长的影响

在林窗中央、林窗边缘和林冠下3种不同光照梯度的森林生境中,研究了西双版纳季节雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼幼苗的早期 (种子萌发后10周内) 生长和定居后 (实生苗生长3个月以上) 的生长特点.结果表明: 绒毛番龙眼幼苗在早期生长阶段,林窗中央的株高、基径、总干质量、单株叶面积和相对生长率最大,分别为24.45 cm、3.17 mm、0.79 g、122.45 cm²和14.78×10^-3 g·d^-1.林冠下根冠比 (0.87) 高于林窗中央 (0.20) ,可能是光照和水分共同作用的结果.林窗中央较强的光照有利于定居后幼苗的生长,株高、基径、总干质量、单株叶面积、相对生长率和净同化率均在林窗中央最大,实验结束时分别达到31.48 cm、3.80 mm、2.22 g、174.52 cm²、2.29×10^-3 g·d^-1和2.54×10^-5 g·cm^-2·d^-1.幼苗死亡可能与水分胁迫密切相关,由水分胁迫引起的幼苗死亡率在林冠下最高 (26.88%),但林冠下由脊椎动物捕食引起的幼苗死亡率较低(2.93%),从而使林冠下幼苗的最终存活率最高 (70.19%).光照是影响绒毛番龙眼幼苗形态学调节的重要因素, 林窗中央不同生长阶段幼苗的比叶面积最低,但相对生长率和净同化率最大.水分胁迫和光照在幼苗定居后仍是影响幼苗生物量分配的重要因素, 林窗边缘幼苗的根冠比最高 (0.33).     

毛白杨PtFT1和PtFT2基因编码区克隆与表达模式分析

以毛白杨为材料,采用同源基因克隆法从毛白杨中分离了FT(FLOWERING LOCUS T)同源基因PtFT1和PtFT2编码区序列。测序结果表明PtFT1和PtFT2 编码区长度均为525bp,可编码174个氨基酸。蛋白序列比对发现这两个基因与拟南芥、葡萄等物种中FT同源基因所编码的氨基酸同源性达到75%以上, PtFT1 和 PtFT2 所推测的氨基酸序列包含FT类蛋白保守基序(LGRQTVYAPGWRQN)和两个关键性氨基酸残基Tyr84(Y),Gln139(Q)。系统进化分析进一步表明 PtFT1 和 PtFT2 属于FT亚家族成员。采用Real-time qRT-PCR技术检测 PtFT1 和 PtFT2 在各个组织部位中的表达模式,结果表明 PtFT1 和 PtFT2 在各个组织部位均有表达,但这两个基因的表达水平存在差异;两个基因在早期雌雄花芽(7月5日)表达量明显高于成熟雌雄花芽(翌年3月10日)表达量,进而推测在毛白杨中 PtFT1 和 PtFT2 的表达响应日照长短,长日照条件促进这两个基因的表达,它们可能在光周期调控的开花途径中促进花芽分化和开花发挥特定作用。这些研究对于阐明 PtFT1 和 PtFT2 在光周期开花调控途径中的作用机制具有重要意义,为进一步开展毛白杨开花调控基因工程研究奠定了工作基础。     

水分胁迫对毛白杨杂种无性系苗木维持膨压和渗透调节能力的影响

在不同土壤干旱胁迫条件下,应用ＰＶ技术测定了６个毛白杨双杂交速生无性系多项水分参数的变化,并对各无性系渗透调节和维持膨压能力进行了综合评定。结果表明,随着土壤干旱胁迫的发展,各无性系均有一定的提高渗透调节和维持膨压能力,但不同无性系存在显著差异,Ｂ４３２和Ｂ４３０在各水分胁迫程度均表现较好,Ｂ４２９、Ｂ４３３和Ｂ４１４表现一般,亲本毛白杨表现最差。     

不同种源毛泡桐种子发芽状况及其聚类分析

本文分析了不同毛泡桐种子的发芽状况并对其进行了聚类分析．结果表明,光照处理有利于提高毛泡桐种子的发芽率和发芽势,室温贮藏不利于种子活力的保持,根据不同条件下毛泡桐种子发芽率和发芽势的差别,利用聚类方法将其划分为四组,该结果为泡桐引种培育新品种奠定了基础．