Anti-herbivore structures of Paulownia tomentosa: morphology, distribution, chemical constituents and changes during shoot and leaf development

Background and Aims: Recent studies have shown that small structures on plant surfacesserve ecological functions such as resistance against herbivores.The morphology, distribution, chemical composition and changesduring shoot and leaf development of such small structures wereexamined on Paulownia tomentosa. Methods: The morphology and distribution of the structures were studiedunder light microscopy, and their chemical composition was analysedusing thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquidchromatography. To further investigate the function of thesestructures, several simple field experiments and observationswere also conducted. Key Results: Three types of small structures on P. tomentosa were investigated:bowl-shaped organs, glandular hairs and dendritic trichomes.The bowl-shaped organs were densely aggregated on the leavesnear flower buds and were determined to be extrafloral nectarines(EFNs) that secrete sugar and attract ants. Nectar productionof these organs was increased by artificial damage to the leaves,suggesting an anti-herbivore function through symbiosis withants. Glandular hairs were found on the surfaces of young and/orreproductive organs. Glandular hairs on leaves, stems and flowerssecreted mucilage containing glycerides and trapped small insects.Secretions from glandular hairs on flowers and immature fruitscontained flavonoids, which may provide protection against someherbivores. Yellow dendritic trichomes on the adaxial side ofleaves also contained flavonoids identical to those secretedby the glandular hairs on fruits and flowers. Three specialtypes of leaves, which differed from the standard leaves inshape, size and identity of small structures, developed nearyoung shoot tips or young flower buds. The density of smallstructures on these leaf types was higher than on standard leaves,suggesting that these leaf types may be specialized to protectyoung leaves or reproductive organs. Changes in the small structuresduring leaf development suggested that leaves of P. tomentosaare primarily protected by glandular hairs and dendritic trichomesat young stages and by the EFNs at mature stages. Conclusions: The results indicate that P. tomentosa protects young and/orreproductive organs from herbivores through the distributionand allocation of small structures, the nature of which dependson the developmental stage of leaves and shoots.     

竹亚科刚竹属植物的修订(Ⅲ)

作为对刚竹属 (Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.)一些类群加以评注的第三部分 ,讨论了金竹 (Ph.sul-phurea(Carr.) A.et C.Riv.)在中国的分布 ,明确了它的具体产地 ,确认了它在华东皖浙赣毗邻地区仍然存在着一定数量的野生居群 ;同时还对本种种下变异类型重新作了分类学处理 ,承认其下包括 1变种 3变型 ,作出 1个新组合 ,归并了 2个不可靠的变型的拉丁学名和 5个命名上多余的拉丁学名。     

Bovine babesiosis: Cattle protected in the field with a frozen vaccine containing Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina cultured in vitro with a serum-free medium

An attenuated live vaccine containing Babesia bovis and B. bigemina cultured in vitro with a serum-free medium was assessed for its clinical protection conferred of naïve cattle, under natural tick-challenge in a high endemicity zone to Babesia spp. Three groups of six animals were treated as follows: group I (GI) received a vaccine derived from parasites cultured with a free-serum medium; group II (GII) were immunized with the standard vaccine, with parasites cultured in a medium supplemented with 40% (v/v) bovine serum; and a control group (GIII) inoculated with non-infected bovine erythrocytes. Inocula were administered by IM route. Experimental animals were kept during 23 days after vaccination in a cattle farm free of ticks and Babesia spp. Thereafter, cattle were moved to a high endemicity farm for natural exposure to Babesia spp. transmitted by Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Protection against clinical babesiosis was observed in bovines belonging to GI (100%) and GII (83.33%), while the control animals (GIII) were not protected, and showed severe clinical signs, closely related to babesiosis, were observed for at least three consecutive days during the challenge. These were fever, anemia, which were measured simultaneously, and circulating parasites were detected by optic light microscopy. All cattle showed B. bovis and B. bigemina in stained blood films during the challenge; B. bovis antibody titers were higher than those to B. bigemina in GI and GII, and lower titers were determined in GIII. The protective capacity of the vaccine derived from B. bovis and B. bigemina cultured in vitro in a serum-free medium was demonstrated.     

用RAPD探讨毛白杨起源

利用RAPD分子标记对山杨、欧洲山杨、银白杨、响叶杨及毛白杨的5个不同类型,即抱头毛白杨、截叶毛白杨、易县毛白杨、陕西毛白杨和南京栽培的毛白杨进行了分析,并进行了银白杨×响叶杨正反交实验,研究杂种后代与毛白杨的关系。RAPD分析说明,毛白杨的亲缘关系与银白杨和响叶杨较近,而与山杨和欧洲山杨的亲缘关系则较远。毛白杨在聚类图上首先是与银白杨和响叶杨聚为一类,再与山杨和欧洲山杨聚在一起。通过比较毛白杨与银白杨和响叶杨的正反交子代,发现毛白杨更接近银白杨×响叶杨的子代,而与反交子代有所区别。由此可见,毛白杨为天然杂种是没有疑义的,而且很可能是银白杨×响叶杨的杂种。本研究筛选出的13个引物,产生了78条谱带,覆盖了基因组的一定区域,其可靠性是较高的。     

Azimuthal variation in nighttime sap flow and its mainly influence factors of Populus tomentosa

为明确毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)不同方位夜间蒸腾量(Nt)及茎干充水量(Sr)等夜间液流活动的规律, 探究不同方位Nt和Sr的主要影响因子, 该研究使用热扩散的方法监测了宽窄行模式下栽植的毛白杨茎干不同方位夜间液流, 并用图像法区分Nt和Sr。使用自动气象站和机械式张力计监测太阳总辐射(R_s, kW·m^-2)、空气温度(T_a, ℃)、空气相对湿度(RH, %)、风速(v, m·s^-1)、土壤水势(ψ, kPa)等环境因子。通过比较各方位的Nt和Sr等液流活动的大小情况及其与环境因子之间的相关性得到方位间夜间液流的差异性以及各方位夜间液流的主要影响因子。结果显示: 宽行距位于东侧的样树西方位的Nt和Sr均最大, 其中西方位的Sr显著大于其他3个方位; 北方位的Nt显著小于其他3个方位; 其他方位间的Nt和Sr无显著差异; 各方位夜间茎干充水量占夜间液流量的比例(Sr/Q)无显著差异。宽行距位于西侧的样树西方位的Nt和Sr亦均最大, 其中西方位的Sr显著大于东方位和南方位; 南方位的Nt最小, 显著小于西方位和北方位, 其他方位间的Nt和Sr无显著差异; 南方位的Sr/Q显著大于其他3个方位。各方位的Nt和Sr均与水汽压亏缺(VPD)有显著的正相关关系, 部分方位Nt和Sr与T_a和RH有显著相关关系, 没有任何方位Nt和Sr与v和ψ有显著相关关系。Nt和Sr方位间的差异(Nt_CV、Sr_CV)与VPD、T_a、RH、v和ψ均无显著相关关系。此外, Sr受白天的液流活动的影响显著。综上所述, 毛白杨不同方位Nt和Sr等液流活动具有较大的差异, 且西方位是优势方位; VPD是影响各方位Nt和Sr的主要气象因子。     

运用油松年轮提示承德市硫及重金属污染的历史

本文利用油松年轮研究了承德市自1800年以来大气污染的历史过程,结果表明：避暑山庄油松年轮内S含量自本世纪初开始升高,比19世纪初增加1—2倍,至70—80年代达3—5倍,而在最近8—10年则达到10倍以上。 其中碧峰门古松木质部年轮内S含量由40—50μg·g-1达到目前的572.9μg·g-1,从而指示出承德市大气SO2浓度由城市化初期的<0.1 mg·m-3增加到目前的30mg·m-3,这一历史过程主要与城市化过程尤其是近50年来工业化的出现并加剧有密切的关系。随着1927—1945年大庙铁矿的开采,年轮内Fe明显增高。Mn在整个历史时期表现为增加趋势,由1840—1850年的4.1μg·g-1增加到1980—1990年的10.4μg·g-1。Pb在1980年前的含量增加不明显,但在最近10年内形成的木质部中,Pb含量明显增加,超过1920—1930年的560%。Cu、Zn、Ni含量的变化不表现线性增加,除个别点的某些时期变化较大外,基本上很平缓。19世纪初油松年轮内S及重金属含量最低,可视为油松内元素自然背景值,与该值比较,1980—1990年这10年内年轮S含量增加了10倍,Fe,2.4倍;Pb,1.8倍;Mn,1.5倍;Ni,1.0倍;Zn,0.8倍。 日益加剧的大气污染尤其是SO2的污染,造成承德市大气质量严重下降,同时危及古松的生存,造成古松大量死亡,必须引起高度重视。     

Changes of Abscisic Acid and Gibberellin Contents during the Release of Dormancy in Winter Buds of Populus tomentosa Carr.

Changes of abscisie acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA3) contents during the release of dormancy in winter bud of Populus tomentosa Carr. were determinedwith GC. After leaf fall in autumn, content of ABA in the bud was 888.0 μg/kg. fr.wt. Obvious decrease in ABA content was observed during the bud released from dormancy. The bud kept in room temperature opened about two months earlier thanthat under natural condition; and the rate of decrease of ABA content in these budwas also more rapid. The ABA contents of buds with similar outer appearance werecompared, either the bud from outside under natural condition or under room temperature, they were similar, although time of their occurrence was quite different, withalmost a difference of about two months. From this fact it has been assumed that thereis a close relationship between the release of dormancy and the decrease in ABA content. Another fact was noticed before Dec. 6, no GA3 could be detected in the dormantbud. From Jan. 9 and thereafter, GA3 content increased gradually and reached itsmaximum (20 μg/kg. fr.wt) by Mar. 19, the bud was inflated. GA3 decreased again as the bud was opened, it seems to be that the process of releasing dormancy in bud mightbe promoted by GA3.     

热带雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼两种发育阶段叶片的光抑制

 通过测定西双版纳热带雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼(Pometia tomentosa)完全伸展嫩叶和成熟叶的叶片解剖、生理特征和雨季晴天自然条件下叶绿素a荧光以及午间强光对部分保护酶活性和膜脂过氧化作用的影响,探讨了两种不同发育阶段叶片光合作用的光抑制与强光和温度的关系。结果表明：绒毛番龙眼全展嫩叶和成熟叶表现出明显的解剖和生理特征差异。与全展嫩叶相比,成熟叶的叶片较厚、叶绿素含量高、气孔导度大、羧化效率高、最大净光合速率和光饱和点高,而气孔密度和保卫细胞长度没有显著差别。在雨季晴天自然条件下,午间最高光强可达2 200 μmol·m-2·s-1以上,最高叶温比气温高7～8 ℃,而成熟叶片的最高温度比全展嫩叶高1.5～2 ℃。上午随光强的增大,两种叶片的非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）增大,PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率［(Fm′_Fs)/Fm′］逐渐减小,在15∶30左右达最小。下午随着光强的减弱,Fv/Fm逐渐恢复,在傍晚基本恢复到清晨值。初始荧光(F0)在一天中变化很小。这表明绒毛番龙眼叶片光抑制是非辐射能量耗散增加引起的保护光合机构免受光破坏的保护性反应,而非光破坏。全展嫩叶比成熟叶有较低的光化学效率和非辐射耗散能力,对强光和高温处理的敏感性也较强,但在自然条件下一天中的光抑制程度与成熟叶没有显著差别。田间午间强光导致两种叶片的保护酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶,SOD;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶,APX)升高,而H2O2含量变化较小。其中,全展嫩叶的保护酶活性高,丙二醛(MDA)含量低。这表明自然条件下,与成熟叶相比,绒毛番龙眼全展嫩叶通过较低的光能利用效率、较低的叶温和高的保护酶活性减轻了强光高温的光抑制程度。     

毛白杨PtoNAC157基因的克隆与表达分析

NAC是植物特有的一类转录因子,在植物生长发育和抗逆过程中有重要作用。本研究从毛白杨中克隆出一个NAC转录因子基因,并根据同源性分析将其命名为PtoNAC157,开放阅读框为942 bp,能编码一个由313个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,预测蛋白分子量为35.5 kDa,等电点为7.22。氨基酸同源性分析显示,该蛋白N-端具有保守的NAC结构域。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明：PtoNAC157在毛白杨幼根、茎和叶中均有表达,在茎中的表达量最高。PtoNAC157响应低温、NaCl（300mmol.L-1）、干旱和ABA（200μmol.L-1）胁迫。由此推测该基因在林木次生生长及响应胁迫信号转导过程中发挥作用。