Highly Reproducible Sn‐Based Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells with 9% Efficiency

The low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of tin‐based hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPSCs) is mainly attributed to the high background carrier density due to a high density of intrinsic defects such as Sn vacancies and oxidized species (Sn⁴⁺) that characterize Sn‐based HPSCs. Herein, this study reports on the successful reduction of the background carrier density by more than one order of magnitude by depositing near‐single‐crystalline formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI₃) films with the orthorhombic a‐axis in the out‐of‐plane direction. Using these highly crystalline films, obtained by mixing a very small amount (0.08 m ) of layered (2D) Sn perovskite with 0.92 m (3D) FASnI₃, for the first time a PCE as high as 9.0% in a planar p–i–n device structure is achieved. These devices display negligible hysteresis and light soaking, as they benefit from very low trap‐assisted recombination, low shunt losses, and more efficient charge collection. This represents a 50% improvement in PCE compared to the best reference cell based on a pure FASnI₃ film using SnF₂ as a reducing agent. Moreover, the 2D/3D‐based HPSCs show considerable improved stability due to the enhanced robustness of the perovskite film compared to the reference cell.     

Metallic tin-induced lymphadenopathy in rat strains and hybrids

Metallic tin powder, injected into Lewis rats obtained from three different sources, caused enlargement of the regional draining lymph nodes. The histopathology featured epithelioid cell granulomas around phagocytosed particles of tin and an intense hyperplasia of plasma cells. The same material injected into August rats enlarged the lymph nodes but the enlargement was caused by granulomas without a major concomitant plasma cell response. In most other strains, tin produced less lymph node enlargement and the plasma cell response was minimal. However, F1 hybrids of Lewis rats with either the August, Brown-Norway (BN), or Dark Agouti (DA) strains developed plasma cell hyperplasia similar to that seen in the parental Lewis strain. The response to tin was the same whether the tin was injected into the feet or into the peritoneal cavity. Thus, the lymph node response to metallic tin varied from a slight, banal response to insoluble foreign particles, to an exuberant granulomatous hyperplasia, to an intense plasmacellular hyperplasia, depending on the genetic characteristics of the subjects.     

Microbial transformations of tin and tin compounds

Summary The use of organotins for agricultural and industrial purposes and in the marine environment has been increasing steadily for more than 20 years. Recently, reliable methodologies have been developed to permit quantification of individual molecular species of organotins in cultures and in the environment. Particular attention has been given to methyltins which can be formed abiotically and by microorganisms, and to tributyltins which are toxic components of effective antifouling paints. In the aquatic environment tin, tributyltins and other organotins accumulate in the surface microlayer, in sediments, and on suspended particulates. Tin compounds are toxic to a variety of organisms and some aquatic organisms can bioaccumulate them. When tin compounds, particularly di-or tri-substituted tins, enter an ecosystem, a portion of the microbial population is killed. Among the survivors are organisms which can methylate inorganic or organic tins, but the relative contribution of biotic and abiotic mechanisms is not clear. While many details of methylations and demethylations need to be worked out, it is clear that transformations of tins can influence the toxicity, volatility and mobility of tin in natural ecosystems. Tributyltins can be debutylated by microorganisms, and hydroxybutyl tins may be intermediates, as they are in mammalian systems. Little is known of the potential and probable microbial transformations of other economically important organotins, but the transformations should be studied for they may have industrial and environmental importance.     

云锡矿粉诱发大鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变的研究

云南锡业公司矿工的肺癌发病率高,矿尘中的砷,铁,铅等金属的潜在致癌性已引起了重视(张辅铭等,1985;云南锡业公司劳动防护研究所,华北辐射防护研究所,1982;云锡劳研所流行病室,1982;孙来华等,1986)。鉴于物质的致癌性与致突变性之间有一定的相关性,我们选用5种云锡矿粉,4种金属化合物,研究它们对大鼠骨髓细胞的遗     

Dedication

Mixed cultures derived from Boston Harbor sediments, which gave evidence of methylating tin compounds, yielded two isolates, each a Bacillus sp., which methylated CH₃SnCl₃ to form (CH₃)₃SnX in coculture. Neither organism alone gave evidence of methylation. SnCl₄ and (CH₃)₂SnCl₂ were not methylated. Transfer of either organism to filtered medium containing CH₃SnCl₃ in which the other had grown did not lead to methylation. Therefore methylation by the coculture is not simply a matter of cross‐feeding.     

不同保藏方法对蕨菜营养素的影响

本文对鲜蕨菜经冷冻、盐腌、罐藏二种方式保藏后的营养素进行测定,结果认为,冷冻是较理想的保藏方法。     

Fluidity of Liposome Membranes Doped with Organic Tin Compounds: ESR Study

The kinetics of change in the fluidity of liposome membranes, obtained in the process of sonication of Egg Yolk Lecithin (EYL), with the admixture of organic tin compounds, was investigated. Five compounds were selected for the research: three differed in the length of hydrocarbon chains, (CH₃)₄Sn, (C₂H₅)₄Sn, and (C₃H₇)₃SnCl, whereas two differed in the number of aromatic rings, (C₆H₅)₂SnCl₂ and (C₆H₅)₃SnCl. The concentration of the compounds in proportion to EYL was 2 mol-%. Electron Spin (paramagnetic) Resonance (ESR) was applied using two spin probes TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) and 16-DOXYL-stearic acid methyl ester (2-ethyl-2-(15-methoxy-15-oxopentadecyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxazolidinyloxyl) localized at different sites within the membrane, to determine the spectroscopic parameters: partition (F) and rotation correlation time (τ), related to the membrane's fluidity. The ESR spectroscopic spectra of investigated samples were recorded from the moment of introducing the admixture to membranes for 180h. Analysing the obtained results, the following conclusions can be drawn: chain compounds slightly stiffened the membrane both on the inside (hydrophobic) layer and on the surface one, whereas ring compounds resulted in fluidization of the membrane—stronger in the case of the two-layer middle and weaker with reference to the surface layer.     

In Situ Generation of Few‐Layer Graphene Coatings on SnO2‐SiC Core‐Shell Nanoparticles for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Storage

A simple ball‐milling method is used to synthesize a tin oxide‐silicon carbide/few‐layer graphene core‐shell structure in which nanometer‐sized SnO₂ particles are uniformly dispersed on a supporting SiC core and encapsulated with few‐layer graphene coatings by in situ mechanical peeling. The SnO₂‐SiC/G nanocomposite material delivers a high reversible capacity of 810 mA h g^?1 and 83% capacity retention over 150 charge/discharge cycles between 1.5 and 0.01 V at a rate of 0.1 A g^?1. A high reversible capacity of 425 mA h g^?1 also can be obtained at a rate of 2 A g^?1. When discharged (Li extraction) to a higher potential at 3.0 V (vs. Li/Li⁺), the SnO₂‐SiC/G nanocomposite material delivers a reversible capacity of 1451 mA h g^?1 (based on the SnO₂ mass), which corresponds to 97% of the expected theoretical capacity (1494 mA h g^?1, 8.4 equivalent of lithium per SnO₂), and exhibits good cyclability. This result suggests that the core‐shell nanostructure can achieve a completely reversible transformation from Li_4.4Sn to SnO₂ during discharging (i.e., Li extraction by dealloying and a reversible conversion reaction, generating 8.4 electrons). This suggests that simple mechanical milling can be a powerful approach to improve the stability of high‐performance electrode materials involving structural conversion and transformation.     

Effects of dietary tin and aluminum on selenium utilization by adult males

The main purpose of these studies was to determine whether the amounts of tin and aluminum that can enter foods during processing and storage are sufficient to affect the utilization of selenium by human subjects. Two 40-day balance studies were conducted. The eight adult males who participated in the first study lost significantly more selenium in their feces when fed a test diet containing 50 mg tin daily than when fed the control diet containing 0.1 mg tin daily. During the first study subjects tended to excrete less selenium in the urine when fed the test diet rather than the control diet. In the second study, the dietary treatments (5 and 125 mg aluminum daily) had no effect on the excretion and apparent retention of selenium by eight adult males.