Constructing Charge Bridge Path for High-Performance Tin Perovskite Photovoltaics

Tin-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) have attracted significant research interest due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and environmentally friendly characteristics. However, TPSCs with ideal bandgap suffer from substantial current losses, necessitating the development of innovative interface engineering strategies to enhance device performance. In this study, an unprecedented approach constructing charge transfer path is presented by a simple post-growth treatment of 3-Aminomethylbenzo[b]thiophene (3-AMBTh) on the perovskite film. The selective reaction of 3-AMBTh with exposed FA+ on the perovskite surface suppresses the formation of iodine vacancy defects, leading to a reduction in trap density. Additionally, the residual aromatic rings on the surface form an effective π–π stacking interaction system with subsequently deposited ICBA, facilitating enhanced charge transfer at the interface. By harnessing the potential of the charge transfer path, the TPSCs exhibit remarkable device efficiency of up to 14.53%, positioning them among the top-performing TPSCs reported to date.     

Cost-Effective Transparent N-Doped Tin Oxide Electrodes with Excellent Thermal and Chemical Stabilities Enabling Stable Perovskite Photovoltaics Based on Tin Oxide Electron Transport Layer

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) incorporating chemical-bath-deposited (CBD) SnO₂ layers have garnered considerable attention because they combine high electron mobility and low-temperature processing, affording remarkable photovoltaic performance. However, the acidic conditions of CBD limit its compatibility with front transparent electrodes (FTEs). Herein, cost-effective, thermally stable, and highly transparent nitrogen-doped SnO₂ (NTO) FTEs tailored to integrate with CBD-SnO₂-based PSCs are developed. By precisely controlling the N dopant content in the magnetron sputtering process, a NTO FTE with a sheet resistance of 38.64 Ω/square, an optical transmittance of 86.17%, a smooth surface morphology (1.2 nm), and mechanical flexibility is obtained. Furthermore, doping N in SnO₂ imparts thermal and chemical stability superior to those of conventional Sn-doped In₂O₃ (ITO) electrodes. Additionally, a well-matched energy band of NTO with a SnO₂ electron transport layer (ETL) and homogeneous interfaces is a critical advantage. By implementing this multifaceted strategy using a novel low-cost NTO FTE, CBD-SnO₂-based PSCs with elevated open-circuit voltages and energy-barrier-free characteristics are fabricated. A champion power conversion efficiency of 20.43% is achieved, and 93.30% of the initial efficiency is retained even after 3 000 h without encapsulation. This integration of a NTO FTE with a SnO₂ ETL paves the way for robust and long-lasting high-performance PSCs.     

Bulk-Heterojunction Electrocatalysts in Confined Geometry Boosting Stable,Acid/Alkaline-Universal Water Electrolysis

Alkaline water splitting electrocatalysts have been studied for decades; however, many difficulties remain for commercialization, such as sluggish hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics and poor catalytic stability. Herein, by mimicking the bulk-heterojunction morphology of conventional organic solar cells, a uniform 10 nm scale nanocube is reported that consists of subnanometer-scale heterointerfaces between transition metal phosphides and oxides, which serves as an alkaline water splitting electrocatalyst; showing great performance and stability toward HER and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Interestingly, the nanocube electrocatalyst reveals acid/alkaline independency from the synergistic effect of electrochemical HER (cobalt phosphide) and thermochemical water dissociation (cobalt oxide). From the spray coating process, nanocube electrocatalyst spreads uniformly on large scale (≈6.6 × 5.6 cm²) and is applied to alkaline water electrolyzers, stably delivering 600 mA cm⁻² current for >100 h. The photovoltaic-electrochemical (PV-EC) system, including silicon PV cells, achieves 11.5% solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency stably for >100 h.     

Unexpected differences in reactivity between tin and lead organyl chlorides - crystal structures of their organylphosphonium salts

Pentacoordinated tin is known since the late 1950s but little is known about the ability of lead to form similar structures. Originally we investigated the reaction between a number of tetraorganylphosphonium chlorides [PR₄]⁺Cl⁻ (R=Me, Buⁿ, and Ph) and several diorganyltin dichlorides SnR^′₂Cl₂ (R^′=Me, Et, Prⁿ, Buⁿ, Ph, o-, m-, p-Tol) between 100 and 240 °C. Novel pentacoordinated tin complexes, tetraorganylphosphonium diorganyltrichlorostannates [PR₄][SnR^′₂Cl₃] (1-19), were formed in good to excellent yields. In a second step, this synthetic approach was extended to include the reaction of diphenyllead dichloride Ph₂PbCl₂ with [PR₄]⁺Cl⁻ (R=Buⁿ, Ph). Surprisingly, a two chloride transfer was observed to form the hexacoordinated lead species [PBuⁿ₄]₂[PbPh₂Cl₄] (20). Under similar conditions, the pentacoordinated [PPh₄][PbPh₃Cl₂] (21) was obtained by a phenyl transfer. Complexes 20 and 21 were characterised by NMR (¹H, ¹³C, ³¹P, and ²⁰⁷Pb), IR, MS, and X-ray crystallography. The anion of 20 assumes a lightly distorted octahedral geometry with the phenyl substituents in trans-positions. In the anion of 21 the phenyl substituents occupy the equatorial positions of a lightly distorted trigonal bipyramid. A thorough spectroscopical investigation of the tin complexes 1-19, including X-ray structural studies, which were possible for complexes with R^′=aryl, revealed that these complexes are monomeric with a distorted trigonal bipyramidal [SnR^′₂Cl₃]⁻ anion. Both aryl groups occupy equatorial positions.     

3D Printed SnSe Thermoelectric Generators with High Figure of Merit

Since the discovery of the record figure of merit (ZT) of 2.6 ± 0.3 in tin selenide (SnSe), the material has attracted much attention in the field of thermoelectrics. This paper reports a novel pseudo‐3D printing technique to fabricate bulk SnSe thermoelectric elements, allowing for the fabrication of standard configuration thermoelectric generators. In contrast to fabrication examples presented to date, this technique is potentially very low‐cost and allows for facile, scalable, and rapid fabrication. Bulk SnSe thermoelectric elements are produced and characterized over a wide range of temperatures. An element printed from an ink with 4% organic binder produces the highest performance, with a ZT value of 1.7 (±0.25) at 758 K. This is the highest ZT reported of any printed thermoelectric material, and the first bulk printed material to operate at this temperature. Finally, a proof‐of‐concept, all printed SnSe thermoelectric generator is presented, producing 20 µW at 772 K.     

Electrochemical optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (EC-OWLS): a pilot study using evanescent-field optical sensing under voltage control to monitor polycationic polymer adsorption onto indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated waveguide chips

A new technique has been developed that combines evanescent-field optical sensing with electrochemical control of surface adsorption processes. This new technique, termed "electrochemical optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy" (EC-OWLS), proved efficient in monitoring molecular surface adsorption and layer thickness changes of an adsorbed polymer layer examined in situ as a function of potential applied to a waveguide in a pilot study. For optical sensing, a layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) served as both a high-refractive-index waveguide and a conductive electrode. In addition, an electrochemical flow-through fluid cell was provided, which incorporated working, reference, and counter electrodes, and was compatible with the constraints of optical sensing. Poly(L-lysine)-grafted-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) served as a model, polycation adsorbate. Adsorption of PLL-g-PEG from aqueous buffer solution increased from 125 to 475 ng/cm(2 )along a sigmoidal path as a function of increasing potential between 0 and 1.5 V versus the Ag reference electrode. Upon buffer rinse, adsorption was partially reversible when a potential of >/=0.93 V was maintained on the ITO waveguide. However, reducing the applied potential back to 0 V before rinsing resulted in irreversible polymer adsorption. PLL-g-PEG modified with biotin demonstrated similar adsorption characteristics, but subsequent streptavidin binding was independent of biotin concentration. Applying positive potentials resulted in increased adsorbed mass, presumably due to polymer chain extension and reorganization in the molecular adlayer.     

Surface Pseudocapacitive Mechanism of Molybdenum Phosphide for High‐Energy and High‐Power Sodium‐Ion Capacitors

Sodium‐based energy storage technologies are potential candidates for large‐scale grid applications owing to the earth abundance and low cost of sodium resources. Transition metal phosphides, e.g. MoP, are promising anode materials for sodium‐ion storage, while their detailed reaction mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Herein, the sodium‐ion storage mechanism of hexagonal MoP is systematically investigated through experimental characterizations, density functional theory calculations, and kinetics analysis. Briefly, it is found that the naturally covered surface amorphous molybdenum oxides layers on the MoP grains undergo a faradaic redox reaction during sodiation and desodiation, while the inner crystalline MoP remains unchanged. Remarkably, the MoP anode exhibits a pseudocapacitive‐dominated behavior, enabling the high‐rate sodium storage performance. By coupling the pseudocapacitive anode with a high‐rate‐battery‐type Na₃V₂O₂(PO₄)₂F@rGO cathode, a novel sodium‐ion full cell delivers a high energy density of 157 Wh kg^?1 at 97 W kg^?1 and even 52 Wh kg^?1 at 9316 W kg^?1. These findings present the deep understanding of the sodium‐ion storage mechanism in hexagonal MoP and offer a potential route for the design of high‐rate sodium‐ion storage materials and devices.     

云锡矿粉诱发大鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变的研究

云南锡业公司矿工的肺癌发病率高,矿尘中的砷,铁,铅等金属的潜在致癌性已引起了重视(张辅铭等,1985;云南锡业公司劳动防护研究所,华北辐射防护研究所,1982;云锡劳研所流行病室,1982;孙来华等,1986)。鉴于物质的致癌性与致突变性之间有一定的相关性,我们选用5种云锡矿粉,4种金属化合物,研究它们对大鼠骨髓细胞的遗     

Engineering Cobalt Phosphide (CoP) Thin Film Catalysts for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Activity on Silicon Photocathodes

Transition metal phosphide catalysts have recently emerged as active, earth abundant alternatives to precious metals for the hydrogen evolution reaction in acid. High performance, scalable catalysts are necessary for the successful implementation of photoelectrochemical water splitting devices, which have the potential to generate hydrogen in a sustainable manner. Herein, a general synthetic route is reported to produce transition metal phosphide thin films, which is used to fabricate cobalt phosphide (CoP) catalysts with high average turnover frequency (TOF_avg), 0.48 H₂ s^?1 and 1.0 H₂ s^?1 at 100 and 120 mV overpotential, respectively. Furthermore, it is shown that CoP thin films can be applied to silicon photoabsorbers to generate one of the most active precious metal‐free crystalline silicon photocathodes to date, achieving ?10 mA cm^?2 at +0.345 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode. The synthesis route presented here provides a platform for both fundamental studies of well‐defined electrocatalysts and the fabrication of high‐performance photoelectrodes.     

In Situ Generation of Few‐Layer Graphene Coatings on SnO2‐SiC Core‐Shell Nanoparticles for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Storage

A simple ball‐milling method is used to synthesize a tin oxide‐silicon carbide/few‐layer graphene core‐shell structure in which nanometer‐sized SnO₂ particles are uniformly dispersed on a supporting SiC core and encapsulated with few‐layer graphene coatings by in situ mechanical peeling. The SnO₂‐SiC/G nanocomposite material delivers a high reversible capacity of 810 mA h g^?1 and 83% capacity retention over 150 charge/discharge cycles between 1.5 and 0.01 V at a rate of 0.1 A g^?1. A high reversible capacity of 425 mA h g^?1 also can be obtained at a rate of 2 A g^?1. When discharged (Li extraction) to a higher potential at 3.0 V (vs. Li/Li⁺), the SnO₂‐SiC/G nanocomposite material delivers a reversible capacity of 1451 mA h g^?1 (based on the SnO₂ mass), which corresponds to 97% of the expected theoretical capacity (1494 mA h g^?1, 8.4 equivalent of lithium per SnO₂), and exhibits good cyclability. This result suggests that the core‐shell nanostructure can achieve a completely reversible transformation from Li_4.4Sn to SnO₂ during discharging (i.e., Li extraction by dealloying and a reversible conversion reaction, generating 8.4 electrons). This suggests that simple mechanical milling can be a powerful approach to improve the stability of high‐performance electrode materials involving structural conversion and transformation.