油茶林鳞翅目害虫3种天敌记述

采用林间调查和室内饲养等方法,发现了油茶林鳞翅目害虫的3种天敌,即印度长颈步甲Ophionea indica、日本长颈步甲Mimocolliuris insulana和茶梢尖蛾长体茧蜂Macrocentrus parametriates ivorus,前2种天敌主要捕食鳞翅目卷叶类害虫、假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis等,且为首次在油茶林中发现;茶梢尖蛾长体茧蜂寄生茶梢尖蛾Parametriotes theae幼虫,为首次在广东省记录。记述了3种天敌的形态特征、寄主、国内分布及生物学特性等。     

General principles of single-construct chromosomal gene drive

Gene drive systems are genetic elements capable of spreading into a population even if they confer a fitness cost to their host. We consider a class of drive systems consisting of a chromosomally located, linked cluster of genes, the presence of which renders specific classes of offspring arising from specific parental crosses unviable. Under permissive conditions, a number of these elements are capable of distorting the offspring ratio in their favor. We use a population genetic framework to derive conditions under which these elements spread to fixation in a population or induce a population crash. Many of these systems can be engineered using combinations of toxin and antidote genes, analogous to Medea, which consists of a maternal toxin and zygotic antidote. The majority of toxin-antidote drive systems require a critical frequency to be exceeded before they spread into a population. Of particular interest, a Z-linked Medea construct with a recessive antidote is expected to induce an all-male population crash for release frequencies above 50%. We suggest molecular tools that may be used to build these systems, and discuss their relevance to the control of a variety of insect pest species, including mosquito vectors of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.     

病虫发生程度预报质量评估方法

介绍了对病虫发生程度预报质量进行评估的统计检验方法———McNemar检验和Kappa检验,以及这2种检验方法的原理、假设检验和统计学意义。结合2个实例来说明2种统计检验方法在病虫发生程度预报质量评估中的应用,分析结果表明McNemar检验、Kappa检验能对病虫发生程度预测质量给出更加有效、准确的评估。     

大兴安岭呼中林区地表死可燃物含水量及其环境梯度分析

森林地表死可燃物含水量与林火行为密切相关,理解森林地表死可燃物含水量及其与环境因子之间的关系对于林火管理有重要意义。本文对大兴安岭呼中林区的不同植被类型内的地表死可燃物含水量,依据1 h、10 h和100 h分类标准进行了对比,结果表明：杨桦林和钻天柳林等2种阔叶林地表死可燃物含水量最高,而其他植被类型比阔叶林内地表死可燃物含水量低,且之间无显著性差异;对兴安落叶松不同林型内的地表死可燃物含水量进行比较,发现越桔兴安落叶松林内地表死可燃物含水量最高,其他林型比越桔兴安落叶松林低,且之间没有显著性差异。此外,利用除趋势典范对应分析对地表死可燃物含水量的环境梯度进行分析。结果表明：第1排序轴反映了坡位与海拔梯度,即热量因素,沿着第1轴从左到右海拔和坡位逐渐降低;第2轴反映了坡向和林分密度梯度,即水分因素。总体来说,坡位与海拔是影响森林地表死可燃物含水量的主要环境因子,二者综合作用表达了该地区森林地表死可燃物含水量的空间生态梯度。     

Asymmetric reproductive interference between two closely related spider mites: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">T. turkestani</Emphasis> (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov and Nikolskii and Tetranychus urticae Koch RF (red form) (Acari: Tetranychidae) are closely related species. Previously, the two species were found in separate agricultural habitats in Israel. Here, additional collections were undertaken and mixed populations of the two species were found. Manipulation experiments were conducted in order to test whether sexual interactions occur when T. turkestani and T. urticae RF share the same host. Interspecific crosses showed that the two species are capable of producing viable F₁ females, but that these females are sterile as their F₂ eggs failed to hatch. This indicates a post-zygotic reproductive barrier, supporting the current placement of T. turkestani as a separate taxon. Mating behavior parameters revealed that males of both species courted virgin conspecific and heterospecific females at the same rate and readily tried to copulate with them. Female mate recognition seemed to be more reliable in T. turkestani than in T. urticae RF as the number of copulations was significantly higher and their duration significantly shorter in the T. turkestani interspecific (T. turkestani ♀ × T. urticae RF ♂) as compared to the intraspecific crosses, a phenomenon not observed in T. urticae RF. In mixed cultures, a significant reduction in female production was observed for T. urticae RF but not for T. turkestani, suggesting an asymmetric reproductive interference effect in favor of T. turkestani. The long term outcome of this effect is yet to be determined since additional reproductive factors such as oviposition rate and progeny survival to adulthood may reduce the probability of demographic displacement of one species by the other in overlapping niches.     

The use of teak (Tectona grandis) plantations by large mammals in the Kilombero Valley, southern Tanzania

The establishment of plantations is impacting the large mammal populations of the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Animal spoors were used as a proxy for activity to determine the influence of teak stand age on mammals. Habitat variables were compared between different aged stands to investigate the relationship between mammal activity and vegetation characteristics. Vegetation surveys found plantation composition to differ with age; with young stands characterized by slender teak trees, limited leaf litter, abundant grass layer and substantial bare ground. Older plantations contained a high leaf litter layer and dead wood, low grass abundance and minimal bare ground. Spoor transects revealed that mammal species number decreased as the teak matured. Of those vegetation variables tested, grass and bare ground abundance explained significantly the variation in species number and in individual species' habitat use between differently aged stands; therefore this habitat use was influenced by the foraging value of the plantation. This study showed that several species (some of which warrant conservation attention, such as elephant) use plantations <6 years old to a greater extent than plantations >6 years. Thus, there is a need for conservation measures, such as wildlife corridors and staggered teak planting to be continued, allowing large mammal movements in the valley.     

A recombinant immunosuppressive protein from Pimpla hypochondriaca (rVPr1) increases the susceptibility of Lacanobia oleracea and Mamestra brassicae larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis

The precise mechanisms underlying Bacillus thuringiensis-mediated killing of pest insects are not clear. In some cases, death may be due to septicaemia caused by Bt and/or gut bacteria gaining access to the insect haemocoel. Since insects protect themselves from microbes using an array of cellular and humoral immune defences, we aimed to determine if a recombinant immunosuppressive wasp venom protein (rVPr1) could increase the susceptibility of two pest Lepidoptera (Lacanobia oleracea and Mamestra brassicae) to Bt. Bio-assays indicated that injection of 6 μl of rVPr1 into the haemocoel of both larvae caused similar levels of mortality (less than 38%). On the other hand, the LD_30-40 of Bt for M. brassicae larvae was approximately 20 times higher than that for L. oleracea larvae. Furthermore, in bio-assays where larvae were injected with rVPr1, then fed Bt, a significant reduction in survival of larvae for both species occurred compared to each treatment on its own (P < 0.001); and for L. oleracea larvae, this effect was more than additive. The results are discussed within the context of insect immunity and protection against Bt.     

Control of Vespula germanica (Hym. Vespidae) populations using toxic baits: bait attractiveness and pesticide efficacy

Abstract:  Our aim was to test a set of baits and pesticides for the control of yellowjacket populations in NW Patagonia (Argentina), through field trials. We tested the attractiveness of protein (fresh and freeze-dried beef) and carbohydrate (corn syrup and honey) baits (alone and mixed) and three pesticides commonly employed to control terrestrial domestic arthropods (hydramethylnon 2%, permethrin 0.3% and chlorpyrifos 0.25%). Our results show that beef proved to be the most attractive bait tested, for Vespula germanica wasps in NW Patagonia. Honey and corn syrup alone or mixed with beef did not attract foraging wasps as did beef-only baits throughout the wasp season. Additionally, we show that the attractiveness of lyophilized beef baits is similar to that of fresh beef. The efficacy of the insecticides tested was limited. In fact, only baiting with hydramethylnon 2% reduced wasp populations (54%) and this occurred after 72 h since poisoning. However, given the potential of insects to develop resistance to a consistent use of a single product (e.g. fipronil 0.1%), the use of hydramethylnon may allow the alternating of insecticides in specific situations. The information provided here contributes to the existent knowledge on baits and insecticides for the control of yellowjackets using toxic baits.     

Oviposition deterrence of shoots and essential oils of Minthostachys spp. (Lamiaceae) against the potato tuber moth

Abstract:  The potato tuber moth is a noxious pest of potato in stores, where the use of repellent plants is an environmentally sound alternative to the application of chemical pesticides. We evaluated the protective effect of native Minthostachys species (Lamiaceae) against tuber infestation by the potato tuber moth in a rustic store in Cusco, Perú. We covered potato tubers with dried shoots of Minthostachys spicata and Minthostachys glabrescens and compared tuber damage with a control treatment of maize straw. We also conducted a no-choice oviposition bioassay in the laboratory, testing the oviposition deterrence of essential oils of M. spicata , M. glabrescens and Minthostachys mollis at natural concentrations. We recorded the number of eggs laid by mated moths on filter paper treated with essential oils of each of the three species and on two control treatments: hexane and untreated blank. Finally, we tested for differences in oviposition deterrence among five full-sib families of potato tuber moth raised under identical conditions. We found that dried, chopped leaves and flowers of Minthostachys species reduced the percentage of tuber damage in stores in comparison with the control (5% vs. 12%), but no difference in protection was found between species. Essential oils at natural concentrations deterred moth oviposition, reducing the number of eggs laid by about 80% compared with the control treatments; again, there were no significant differences between Minthostachys species. Finally, whereas we detected among-family variation in oviposition on filter papers treated with essential oils, no difference was found in the number of eggs laid on control substrates. Therefore, there was genetic variation for oviposition deterrence in the potato tuber moth and resistance to repellent plants might evolve thereafter.     

不同小麦品种对麦长管蚜的抗性

在大田对18个品种98-10-34、PI-矮、千斤早、XZ1三代、AmigoF3、98-10-30、98-10-35、Tm44、98-10-9、Amigo、XZ13三代、98-10-32、AmigoF2、AmigoF4、PI-高、XZ13母本、陕229及Largo进行耐害性测定,对小麦的感蚜量做了系统调查,分别分析各品种耐害补偿功能及自然感蚜特征之间的关系。结果显示:品种Tm44、AmigoF3、Amigo、AmigoF2、AmigoF4和98-10-9虽然自然感蚜率比较高,但与同类相比减产率却不高;品种Largo、98-10-32、陕229、98-10-35、XZ13母本、PI-高和XZ1三代自然感蚜率比较低,而且其减产率也相对较低;品种PI-矮不仅自然感蚜率高,减产率也排名第二;98-10-34为明显感虫品种,还有98-10-30、XZ13三代和千斤早因为虽然感蚜率最小,但减产率相对较高,所以也是感虫品种。采用室内网罩饲养实验系统研究4个小麦品种陕229、98-10-9、Tm44和largo对麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae(Fabricius)生命周期及生殖情况等的影响,同时通过组建不用品种上麦长管蚜繁殖特征生命表,从量的角度揭示小麦品种抗性与麦长管蚜增长之间的关系。结果表明:不同小麦品种对麦长管蚜的存活率,发育历期和净增值率的影响明显不同,品种间抗蚜性存在显著差异。