Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions

Abstract.  Much confusion exists in the English-language literature on plant invasions concerning the terms 'naturalized' and 'invasive' and their associated concepts. Several authors have used these terms in proposing schemes for conceptualizing the sequence of events from introduction to invasion, but often imprecisely, erroneously or in contradictory ways. This greatly complicates the formulation of robust generalizations in invasion ecology.
Based on an extensive and critical survey of the literature we defined a minimum set of key terms related to a graphic scheme which conceptualizes the naturalization/invasion process. Introduction means that the plant (or its propagule) has been transported by humans across a major geographical barrier. Naturalization starts when abiotic and biotic barriers to survival are surmounted and when various barriers to regular reproduction are overcome. Invasion further requires that introduced plants produce reproductive offspring in areas distant from sites of introduction (approximate scales: > 100 m over < 50 years for taxa spreading by seeds and other propagules; > 6 m/3 years for taxa spreading by roots, rhizomes, stolons or creeping stems). Taxa that can cope with the abiotic environment and biota in the general area may invade disturbed, seminatural communities. Invasion of successionally mature, undisturbed communities usually requires that the alien taxon overcomes a different category of barriers.
We propose that the term 'invasive' should be used without any inference to environmental or economic impact. Terms like 'pests' and 'weeds' are suitable labels for the 50–80% of invaders that have harmful effects. About 10% of invasive plants that change the character, condition, form, or nature of ecosystems over substantial areas may be termed 'transformers'.     

澳门特别行政区园林绿化植物病虫害调查初报

对澳门主要区域园林绿化植物病虫害进行的初步调查,共采集到病害标本85份,昆虫标本315份,鉴定确认危害澳门园林植物的病害有64种,害虫77种;其中还发现属于检疫对象的椰心叶甲为害椰树。并对发生较普遍和严重的病虫害提出了一些防治措施和建议。     

Terpenoids of Canarium zeylanicum

The following terpenoids were identified in the oleoresin, bark and timber of Canarium zeylanicum: 3β-hydroxyurs-12-en-11-one, 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-11-one, olean-12-en-3,11-dione, urs-12-en-3,11-dione, α- and β-amyrin, α- and β-amyrenone, taraxerol, sitosterol, canaric acid, elemene, elemol, α-pinene, α- and β-phellandrene, limonene, terpineol and carvone.     

Evolution of pesticide resistance in apple pests and their natural enemies

Evolution of pesticide resistance in 24 apple pest and natural enemy species was simulated with a computer model. Population ecology parameters were varied among species while physiological, biochemical and genetic assumptions were held constant. There was good agreement between the model's predictions and observed historical patterns of azinphosmethyl resistance among pests and natural enemies. Correspondence between predicted and observed was improved by assuming that natural enemies evolved resistance only after their prey/hosts became resistant, but not by assuming greater initial susceptibility in natural enemies. Results suggest that ecological factors may be important in determining rates of resistance evolution. This is paper no. 2843 of the Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources journal series, and no. 7245 of the Oreg. Agric. Exp. Sta. journal series.     

Resistance of transgenic rice events (rbcS:cry1Ac) against three lepidopteran rice pests

The transgenic rice expressing cry1Ac gene, which is linked to the rice rbcS promoter and its transit peptide sequence (tp), was highly resistant against all instars of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenetée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). In this study, we evaluated the larval mortality, behavior change, and field occurrence of three main rice pests, C. medinalis, Naranga aenescens (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Parnara guttata (Bremer & Grey) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in T4 generations of three Bt rice events (rbcS3:cry1Ac; 608102, 608104 and 608107) and non-Bt rice. All of the three Bt rice events were resistant to C. medinalis which showed significantly higher mortality for all instars compared to non-Bt rice. The resistance of Bt rice events against the larvae decreased gradually as the larvae developed. However, the survived larvae which ingested Bt rice events died eventually without further development. The resistance of three Bt rice events was investigated in the pot test, which was conducted with 3rd instars of C. medinalis, N. aenescens, and P. guttata, showed mortalities of over 70%. In behavioral assay, C. medinalis fed on the Bt rice events showed feeding avoidance and less leaf rolling behavior compared to that of the larvae fed on non-Bt rice. A 2-yr field survey conducted with larvae of C. medinalis and P. guttata also showed that the three Bt rice events significantly had lower damaged on leaves compared to that of non-Bt rice. Overall, the three Bt rice events were highly resistant to the larvae of lepidopteran target rice pests.     

Corvid interference with Canid Pest Ejectors in the southern rangelands of Western Australia

Canid Pest Ejectors (CPE) are a method of population management that has recently been approved for the control of wild dogs and foxes in Australia. A pilot trial of CPEs (n = 10) targeting wild dogs was conducted in the southern rangelands of Western Australia in the winter of 2017. CPEs were deployed for 81 days, which included periods of significant rainfall. CPEs were not serviced during deployment, which is a likely situation for remote areas where access may be limited. During deployment, all ejector units corroded and plastic capsules containing 1080 degraded (but did not leak). For CPEs to remain effective in the field, they require regular inspections and servicing, particularly in wet conditions. Interference by nontarget corvid species was observed. Six CPEs were interfered with by corvids, with the lures removed from three, partially removed from another two and one disassembled. Our data suggest that corvid interference with ejectors may have a significant impact on the efficiency and safety of their use. Further investigation into the usefulness of Canid Pest Ejectors as method of canid control is required for rangeland use.     

The microbial degradation of chlorophenolic preservatives in spent,pressure-treated timber

The reduction of pentachlorophenol in treated timber, after inoculation with pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterial species,Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus andFlavobacterium sp., and the white-rot fungusPhanerochaete chrysosporium, was monitored in solid substrate systems and in liquid culture suspensions. In solid substrate systems there was no significant pentachlorophenol degradation by the bacterial species under a variety of conditions. Under similar conditions,Phanerochaete chrysosporium transformed over 80% of the starting concentration of 500 ppm to pentachloroanisole. In liquid culture suspensions however, mid-exponential phaseFlavobacterium sp. cells were able to degrade over 99% of the pentachlorophenol in sawdust and wood chips due to the extraction of PCP from the timber as a water soluble salt. There were however no significant changes in the chlorinated dioxin components during this treatment.Abbreviations ATTC American type culture collection - AWPA American Wood Preservers' Association - DSM Deutsche Sammlung für Mikroorganismen - GC/MS gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer - HpCDD heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin - HpCDF heptachlorodibenzofuran - HxCDD hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin - HxCDF hexachlorodibenzofuran - ¹³C-OCDD carbon 13-labelled octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin - OCDD octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin - OCDF octachlorodibenzofuran - PCDDs polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins - PCDFs polychlorinated dibenzofurans - PCP pentachlorophenol - PnCDD pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin - PnCDF pentachlorodibenzofuran - TCDD tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin - TCDF terachlorodibenzofuran - TeCP tetrachlorophenol - WHC water holding capacity - w/v weight for volume ratio     

起伏型时间序列分析方法在害虫测报上的应用

介绍了起伏型时间序列（analysisforwavetypetimeseries）害虫预测方法。对安徽省凤阳县稻纵卷叶螟四（2）代蛾主峰高峰日进行建模预测,对历史资料的拟合和1989、1990两年的试报,结果令人满意。这是一种新的时间序列分析法。     

Releases of biological control agents of insect pests on Easter Island (Pacific Ocean)

For half a century, agriculture on Easter Island has been affected by an increasing number of accidentally introduced insect pests. Due to the absence of natural enemies and other factors, these have reached high density levels which claimed for intensive use of pesticides. A project supported by the National Funds for Regional Development (FNDR) was established in 1984 to develop a biological control program against these pest species. Presently, 60 beneficial species have been introduced to control agricultural pests and flies that affect cattle and humans. Some of the natural enemies have established and are reducing pest populations thereby decreasing the requirement for insecticidal treatments. Fly density has also decreased noticeably. This can be attributed to the activity of natural enemies and dung beetles which compete with larval fly for food.     

昆虫生态地理学与入侵危险性害虫控制

昆虫的起源、地质变动、气候、生态环境以及人类活动对昆虫的分布有极其重要的影响．昆虫生态地理学是从种的生态学来阐明昆虫地理分布的规律性的科学,它是害虫检疫的重要基础,在入侵危险性害虫种的鉴定、适生性分析和控制策略特别是生物防治策略的制定等方面有广泛的应用