黑龙江省东完达山地区东北虎猎物种群现状及动态趋势

猎物种群丰度是限制虎分布和数量的关键因子,因此猎物种群密度监测和估算是虎保护的重要内容之一。应用采用大样方法,地理信息系统技术和多元统计分析,研究了黑龙江东完达山东部地区东北虎猎物种群(马鹿、狍子和野猪)现状及动态变化趋势。结果表明:研究地区马鹿的种群平均密度为(0.2010±0.0270)只/km²、狍子的平均种群密度为(0.4980±0.0436)只/km²、野猪的平均种群密度为(0.3423±0.0275)只/km²。单因素方差分析表明,在相同生境下,3种有蹄类密度在在阔叶混交林中和杂木林中差异极为显著;不同的生境,3种猎物的猎物的密度也存在着显著差异。相关分析表明马鹿密度和野猪密度程正相关,而马鹿密度和狍子密度、狍子密度和野猪密度则不相关。 同1989年该地区东北虎猎物种群相比:1989-2002年的13 a时间内马鹿的年平均递减率为13.48%、狍子的年平均递减率为12.69%、野猪的年平均递减率为1.89%。     

Modelling differential extinctions to understand big cat distribution on Indonesian islands

Aims To model differential extinction rates for island populations of tigers Panthera tigris and leopards P. pardus. Location Indonesia. Methods We built VORTEX population models of tiger and leopard populations on an island the size of Bali (3632 km²), using data from the literature. Results The tiger populations were less extinction prone than the leopard populations. This was unexpected as tigers had the smaller population sizes and, as such, might be assumed to be more extinction prone. We identified several aspects of tiger breeding biology that explain the result. Main conclusions Sea level reconstructions suggest that both tiger and leopard would have been present in Java, Sumatra and Bali at the end of the last glacial. Our model provides a plausible mechanism based on population ecology to explain why these leopard populations were more extinction prone than the tiger populations. In addition it illustrates the potential utility of population ecology models in understanding historical patterns in biogeography.     

草地植物群落物种多样性取样强度的研究

本文以羊草(Leymus chinensis)-杂类草群落和贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)-线叶菊(Filifolium sibiricum)群落为代表,在东北松嫩平原研究了草地植物群落物种多样性的取样强度。巢式样方种-面积曲线结果表明：两个群落的最小面积均为1/4～1/2 m²。 Pielou积累样方多样性指数-取样数曲线结果表明：羊草-杂类草群落1、1/4、1/6 m²正方形样方最小取样数分别在12、22、28个左右; 贝加尔针茅-线叶菊群落分别在10、18、25个左右。群落水平结构的复杂性导致取样数目的增加。当积累样方数超过最小取样数后,多样性指数-取样数曲线进入平衡状态,上述3种取样面积的结果趋于一致,并在概率95%水平差异不显著。赞成小面积大数目的取样策略。     

虎源猫泛白细胞减少症病毒灭活疫苗的制备及初步应用

摘要：【目的】研制出虎源猫泛白细胞减少症病毒灭活疫苗并对其应用效果进行评价。【方法】以FPV-HLJ为种毒,按1×10-2接毒量,采用同步接毒的方法接于猫肾传代细胞系F81株,于37 ℃静置培养,待细胞病变（CPE）达到75 %以上时,进行收毒。病毒悬液经甲醛灭活24 h,加入佐剂氢氧化铝胶,制备成FPV-HLJ细胞培养灭活疫苗。【结果】皮下接种2月龄非免疫家猫,结果显示,实验组免疫猫FPV HI抗体水平随免疫次数的增加而呈上升趋势,三免后FPV HI抗体效价为1:1024～1：2048,且免疫猫能抵抗FPV强毒攻击,具有100 %的存活率。随后将该苗接种2月龄左右幼虎,三免后抗体效价多数能达到1：1024。【结论】表明此灭活苗可产生较为理想的免疫效果。     

华南虎圈养种群的统计分析

对《华南虎谱系》307 只登录个体的统计表明, 其圈养的历史有46 年。在人工繁殖的38 年中产122 胎287仔。现存圈养华南虎分散在全国22 家单位, 有57 只个体, 性比M∶F = 1185 , 能成功繁殖后代的个体仅5 只(只占818 %) , 是一个衰退的种群。通过SPARKS 和GENES 软件分析发现: 从1977 年开始, 圈养种群的基因多样性便逐渐下降而近交系数却不断增加。     

THE POLYTYPIC SPECIES REVISITED: GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS OF THE TIGER SALAMANDER AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM (AMPHIBIA: CAUDATA) COMPLEX

We present a phylogenetic analysis of the Ambystoma tigrinum complex, based on approximately 840 base pairs of mitochondrial-DNA sequence from the rapidly evolving D-loop and an adjacent intron. Our samples include populations of the continentally distributed species, A. tigrinum, plus all described species of Mexican ambystomatids. Sequence divergence is low, ranging from 0–8.5%, and most phylogenetic groupings are weakly supported statistically. We identified eight reasonably well-defined clades from the United States and Mexico, with the geographically isolated A. californiense from California as the probable sister group to the remaining taxa. Our sequence data are not capable of resolving the relationships among these clades, although the pattern of transitional-site evolution suggests that these eight lineages diverged during a period of rapid cladogenesis. We roughly calibrate a molecular clock and identify a few lineages that significantly deviate from the slow, baseline rate of 0.5–0.75% per million years. Our data also suggest that species boundaries for several U.S. and Mexican species need to be altered and that the concept of a continentally distributed, polytypic tiger salamander is not valid.     

Hearing in tiger beetles (Cicindelidae)

ABSTRACT. Tympanic hearing organs (ears) are reported for several tiger beetle (Cicindelidae) species. The paired ears are positioned bilaterally on the first abdominal tergum and consist of cavities covered by thin tympana. When the beetle is not flying the elytra covers its ears and reduces their sensitivity to sound. However, when the beetle is flying, its exposed ears are capable of detecting ultrasonic pulses. Under a microscope, beetles with their elytra artificially raised contract their abdomens in response to ultrasound. Ultrasonic emissions directed toward flying beetles induce them immediately to fly downward and land, a response which probably aids escape from predators, particularly echolocating bats. Other possible uses for the ears are the avoidance of diurnal insect predators and intraspecific communication.