Indoor Thin‐Film Photovoltaics: Progress and Challenges

Energy generation and consumption have always been an important component of social development. Interests in this field are beginning to shift to indoor photovoltaics (IPV) which can serve as power sources under low light conditions to meet the energy needs of rapidly growing fields, such as intelligence gathering and information processing which usually operate via the Internet‐of‐things (IoT). Since the power requirements for this purpose continue to decrease, IPV systems under low light may facilitate the realization of self‐powered high‐tech electronic devices connected through the IoT. This review discusses and compares the characteristics of different types of IPV devices such as those based on silicon, dye, III‐V semiconductors, organic compounds, and halide perovskites. Among them, specific attention is paid to perovskite photovoltaics which may potentially become a high performing IPV system due to the fascinating photophysics of the halide perovskite active layer. The limitations of such indoor application as they relate to the toxicity, stability, and electronic structure of halide perovskites are also discussed. Finally, strategies which could produce highly functional, nontoxic, and stable perovskite photovoltaics devices for indoor applications are proposed.     

低剂量与常规剂量扫描在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中的临床应用价值对比研究

摘要 目的：比较低剂量与常规剂量扫描在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中的临床应用价值。方法：选择2018年1月至2019年12月我院行CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术的患者96例,采用随机数字表法分为低剂量组和常规剂量组,每组48例,两组分别在低剂量扫描、常规剂扫描下行CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术,比较两组扫描范围、X射线剂量、图像质量、穿刺成功率及并发症发生情况。结果：低剂量组CT吸收剂量加权指数（CTDIw）、平均剂量长度乘积（DLP）显著低于常规剂量组（P<0.05）,两组扫描范围比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。低剂量组图像质量1级1例、2级1例、3级46例;常规剂量组1级0例、2级1例、3级47例,两组图像质量比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。低剂量组穿刺成功率87.50%,常规剂量组穿刺成功率89.58%,两组穿刺成功率比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。低剂量组并发症发生率为12.50%,常规剂量组并发症发生率为10.42%,两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：与常规剂量扫描相比,在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中应用低剂量扫描可以有效降低辐射剂量,但不影响图像质量和穿刺成功率,患者并发症发生率也未增加,具有较好的临床价值。     

Conditioning adhesive contacts between the neutrophils and the endotheliocytes by Staphylococcus aureus

We have developed a model for evaluating the integral intercellular interactions in the “endotheliocyte‐neutrophil” system and have shown the high variability of adhesion contacts in different donors associated with different expression profiles of neutrophils. Two methods (forсe spectroscopy‐spectroscopy and scanning ion‐conductance microscopy) showed a decrease in the rigidity of the membrane‐cytoskeletal complex of neutrophils under the influence of Staphylococcus aureus 2879 M. Adding this strain to the “endotheliocyte‐neutrophil” system caused a statistically significant decrease in the adhesion force and adhesion work, which indicates a change in the expression profile and physicochemical properties of membranes of both types of interacting cells (neutrophils and endotheliocytes).     

Targeted migration of pherophorin‐S indicates extensive extracellular matrix dynamics in Volvox carteri

Hydroxyproline‐rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) constitute a major group of proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The multicellular green alga Volvox carteri is a suitable model organism in which to study the evolutionary transition to multicellularity, including the basic principles and characteristics of an ECM. In Volvox, the ECM is dominated by a single HRGP family: the pherophorins. Our inventory amounts to 117 pherophorin‐related genes in V. carteri. We focused on a pherophorin with an unexpected characteristic: pherophorin‐S is a soluble, non‐cross‐linked ECM protein. Using transformants expressing a YFP‐tagged pherophorin‐S we observed the synthesis and secretion of pherophorin‐S by somatic cells in vivo, and we then traced the protein during its conspicuous migration to the ECM around prehatching juveniles and its localized concentration there. Our results provide insights into how an ECM zone surrounding the progeny is remotely affected by distantly located parental somatic cells. In view of the properties and migration of pherophorin‐S, we conclude that pherophorin‐S is likely to act as an ECM plasticizer to allow for dynamic ECM remodeling.     

肥沃耕层构建对东北黑土区旱地土壤肥力和玉米产量的影响

有机物料还田是提高土壤肥力、改善土壤结构和增加作物产量的重要农艺措施之一。本研究通过分析有机物料深混还田构建肥沃耕层后土壤的有机质、速效养分含量和玉米产量,明确了黑土区不同土壤类型旱地土壤肥力指标和玉米产量对肥沃耕层构建方式的响应特征,以期为实现东北黑土区旱地保护性利用和农业可持续发展提供科学依据。采用小区试验与大区示范相结合的方式,在黑龙江省、吉林省和辽宁省选取9个生态类型区作为试验点,土壤类型包括黑土(中厚黑土和薄层黑土)、草甸土、黑钙土、白浆土、棕壤、暗棕壤和褐土。每个试验点均设置了玉米秸秆深混构建肥沃耕层(CF_Ⅰ)、秸秆配合有机肥深混构建肥沃耕层(CF_Ⅱ)和无有机物料还田(CK)3个处理。其中,CF_Ⅰ、CF_Ⅱ处理的小区试验和大区示范的秸秆还田量分别为10000 kg·hm^-2和全量还田,CF_Ⅱ处理的有机肥施用量为30000 t·hm^-2;CF_Ⅰ和CF_Ⅱ处理中有机物料的还田深度均为0~35 cm。结果表明: 不同土壤类型旱地的土壤肥力差异较大,不同土层表现为亚耕层土壤肥力小于耕层土壤,其中暗棕壤和白浆土尤为突出;棕壤、褐土耕层和亚耕层的土壤肥力均偏低;黑土和草甸土的质地比较黏重和犁底层较厚。在试验时间为两年以上的5个试验点中,与CK相比,CF_Ⅰ和CF_Ⅱ处理耕层的土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量平均增加1.85 g·kg^-1、20.16 mg·kg^-1、1.56 mg·kg^-1和17.2 mg·kg^-1,亚耕层较耕层增加了2.09 g·kg^-1、12.06 mg·kg^-1、2.18 mg·kg^-1和3.84 mg·kg^-1。与CK相比,CF_Ⅰ处理显著增加了耕作层和亚耕层土壤有机质和速效磷含量,CF_Ⅱ处理显著增加了耕作层和亚耕层的全部土壤肥力指标,说明肥沃耕层构建是提高土壤肥力的重要途径,其中玉米秸秆配施有机肥是快速提升土壤肥力的有效方法。受不同地区水热条件和土壤类型等的影响,不同试验区的玉米产量差异较大;不同处理间差异显著,表现为CF_Ⅱ>CF_Ⅰ>CK,说明肥沃耕层构建方式在不同生态类型区均能有效提高玉米产量。采用玉米秸秆或者玉米秸秆配合有机肥深混的肥沃耕层构建方式能够同步培肥耕层和亚耕层土壤,提高玉米产量。不同生态类型区应根据土壤类型、有机物料来源等采取相应的肥沃耕层构建方式,建议在有机肥源充足的区域,优先采用秸秆配合有机肥深混构建肥沃耕层。     

河野脂螨发育各阶段外部形态扫描电镜观察

【目的】了解河野脂螨Lardoglyphus konoi各发育阶段外部形态和超微结构特征。【方法】利用室内培养获得的不同发育阶段的河野脂螨个体样本,在扫描电镜下观察各发育阶段(卵、幼螨、若螨和成螨)的外部形态和超微结构。【结果】河野脂螨卵呈椭圆形;幼螨足3对,未见生殖器官生长痕迹,生殖毛和肛毛缺如;若螨足4对,生殖器官发育不完全,有生殖毛和肛毛,但发育亦不完全。休眠体前端尖细,后端钝圆,呈梨形状。在末体区有吸盘板,其上有13个吸盘,呈2-2-4-5分布。成螨螯肢细长,剪刀状,其上的定趾和动趾上有几个小齿;顶外毛长度约为顶内毛的50%,与顶内毛处同一水平线上。雄成螨第3对足的跗节末端为2个粗钝的齿所替代;腹面有1个生殖区和带有1对肛门吸盘的肛区。雌成螨所有的爪均分叉;腹面生殖孔为1个纵向裂缝;肛门不伸达后缘。【结论】通过电镜扫描对河野脂螨不同发育阶段外部形态和超微结构的观察,更加详细地了解了该螨的形态结构,从而为脂螨科螨类的分类和生物学研究提供了理论依据。     

Forging a path to mesoscopic imaging success with ultra-high field functional magnetic resonance imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies with ultra-high field (UHF, 7+ Tesla) technology enable the acquisition of high-resolution images. In this work, we discuss recent achievements in UHF fMRI at the mesoscopic scale, on the order of cortical columns and layers, and examine approaches to addressing common challenges. As researchers push to smaller and smaller voxel sizes, acquisition and analysis decisions have greater potential to degrade spatial accuracy, and UHF fMRI data must be carefully interpreted. We consider the impact of acquisition decisions on the spatial specificity of the MR signal with a representative dataset with 0.8 mm isotropic resolution. We illustrate the trade-offs in contrast with noise ratio and spatial specificity of different acquisition techniques and show that acquisition blurring can increase the effective voxel size by as much as 50% in some dimensions. We further describe how different sources of degradations to spatial resolution in functional data may be characterized. Finally, we emphasize that progress in UHF fMRI depends not only on scientific discovery and technical advancement, but also on informal discussions and documentation of challenges researchers face and overcome in pursuit of their goals.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Key relationships between non-invasive functional neuroimaging and the underlying neuronal activity’.     

南洋臀纹粉蚧雌成虫主要器官及其蜡泌物的扫描电镜观察

为明确南洋臀纹粉蚧Planococcus lilacinus(Cockerell)雌成虫及其蜡泌物的结构特征,利用扫描电镜观察该虫体表主要器官、蜡质及泌蜡腺体的超微结构.结果表明:南洋臀纹粉蚧雌成虫外覆白色粉状厚蜡被,体缘具18对蜡棒,触角8节、口器和足发达且分布有不同长度的毛形和刺形感受器,眼为单眼,腹脐和背孔唇形、发达;体表蜡质包含带状蜡丝、空心管状蜡丝和月牙形蜡丝,由三格腺和刺孔群分泌的带状蜡丝大量分布于整个虫体,由管状腺分泌的空心管状蜡丝主要分布于虫体腹部腹面和体缘,由多格腺分泌的月牙形蜡丝主要分布于虫体腹部腹面.研究结果初步揭示了南洋臀纹粉蚧雌成虫体表主要器官、蜡质及泌蜡腺体的超微结构特征,可为研究该虫搜索寄主、寻找配偶、群集为害、抵御逆境和传播扩散等行为活动提供支持.