Non‐native trout limit native brook trout access to space and thermal refugia in a restored large‐river system

We used direct observation via snorkeling surveys to quantify microhabitat use by native brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) and non‐native brown (Salmo trutta) and rainbow (Onchorynchus mykiss) trout occupying natural and restored pool habitats within a large, high‐elevation Appalachian river, United States. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and subsequent two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a significant difference in microhabitat use by brook and non‐native trout within restored pools. We also detected a significant difference in microhabitat use by brook trout occupying pools in allopatry versus those occupying pools in sympatry with non‐native trout—a pattern that appears to be modulated by size. Smaller brook trout often occupied pools in the absence of non‐native species, where they used shallower and faster focal habitats. Larger brook trout occupied pools with, and utilized similar focal habitats (i.e. deeper, slower velocity) as, non‐native trout. Non‐native trout consistently occupied more thermally suitable microhabitats closer to cover as compared to brook trout, including the use of thermal refugia (i.e. ambient–focal temperature >2°C). These results suggest that non‐native trout influence brook trout use of restored habitats by: (1) displacing smaller brook trout from restored pools, and (2) displacing small and large brook trout from optimal microhabitats (cooler, deeper, and lower velocity). Consequently, benefits of habitat restoration in large rivers may only be fully realized by brook trout in the absence of non‐native species. Future research within this and other large river systems should characterize brook trout response to stream restoration following removal of non‐native species.     

Ambient temperature influences tolerance to plant secondary compounds in a mammalian herbivore

Growing evidence suggests that plant secondary compounds (PSCs) ingested by mammals become more toxic at elevated ambient temperatures, a phenomenon known as temperature-dependent toxicity. We investigated temperature-dependent toxicity in the desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida), a herbivorous rodent that naturally encounters PSCs in creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), which is a major component of its diet. First, we determined the maximum dose of creosote resin ingested by woodrats at warm (28–29°C) or cool (21–22°C) temperatures. Second, we controlled the daily dose of creosote resin ingested at warm, cool and room (25°C) temperatures, and measured persistence in feeding trials. At the warm temperature, woodrats ingested significantly less creosote resin; their maximum dose was two-thirds that of animals at the cool temperature. Moreover, woodrats at warm and room temperatures could not persist on the same dose of creosote resin as woodrats at the cool temperature. Our findings demonstrate that warmer temperatures reduce PSC intake and tolerance in herbivorous rodents, highlighting the potentially adverse consequences of temperature-dependent toxicity. These results will advance the field of herbivore ecology and may hone predictions of mammalian responses to climate change.     

Differential effects of polymers PVP90 and Ficoll400 on storage stability and viability of Lactobacillus coryniformis Si3 freeze‐dried in sucrose

Aims: To investigate the effect of freeze‐dried Lactobacillus coryniformis Si3 on storage stability by adding polymers to sucrose‐based formulations and to examine the relationship between amorphous matrix stability and cell viability. Methods and Results: The resistance to moisture‐induced sucrose crystallization and effects on the glass transition temperature (T_g) by the addition of polymers to the formulation were determined by different calorimetric techniques. Both polymers increased the amorphous matrix stability compared to the control, and poly(vinyl)pyrrolidone K90 was more effective in increasing amorphous stability than Ficoll 400. The viability of Lact. coryniformis Si3 after storage was investigated by plate counts following exposure to different moisture levels and temperatures for up to 3 months. The polymers enhanced the cellular viability to different degrees, dependent upon polymer and storage condition. Conclusions: Polymers can be used to enhance the stability of freeze‐dried Lact. coryniformis Si3 products, but cell viability and matrix stability do not always correlate. The general rule of thumb to keep a highly amorphous product 50° below its T_g for overall stability seemed to apply for this type of bacterial products. We showed that by combining thermal analysis with plate counts, it was possible to determine storage conditions where cell viability and matrix stability were kept high. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results will aid in the rational formulation design and proper determination of storage conditions for freeze‐dried and highly amorphous lactic acid bacteria formulations. We propose a hypothesis of reason for different stabilizing effects on the cells by the different polymers based on our findings and previous findings.     

Generating microbial survival curves during thermal processing in real time

AIMS: To develop a method to calculate and record theoretical microbial survival curves during thermal processing of foods and pharmaceutical products simultaneously with the changing temperature. Moreover, to demonstrate that the method can be used to calculate nonisothermal survival curves, with widely available software such as Microsoft Excel. METHODS AND RESULTS: It has been assumed that the targeted organism's isothermal survival curves are not log linear and hence, the inactivation rate in nonisothermal processes is a function of the momentary temperature and the corresponding survival ratio. This could be expressed by a difference equation, which is an approximation to the continuous rate model. The concept was tested with the isothermal survival parameters of Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus sporothermodurans spores, and Salmonella enteritidis cells, using different kinds of survival models and under temperature profiles resembling those of commercial processes. As expected, there was an excellent agreement between the curves produced by solving the differential equation of the continuous model and by the incremental method, which has been posted on the web as freeware. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to calculate nonisothermal survival curves, in real time, with an algorithm that can be written in the language of general purpose software, to follow the inactivation of one or more targeted organisms simultaneously and to simulate microbial survival patterns under existing or planned industrial thermal processes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Replacement of the traditional 'F0-value', which requires the log linearity of the organism's isothermal survival curves, by the more realistic theoretical survival ratio estimate as a measure of the thermal process efficacy.     

北京城区常见树种生长季树干液流的时滞特征

2008年4-9月,应用热消散技术测定了北京市常见树种银杏、七叶树、玉兰、刺槐、油松、雪松的树干液流,并将液流与总辐射和水汽压亏缺数据进行逐行错位分析,探讨不同树种树干液流与蒸腾驱动因子之间的时滞效应.结果表明：6个树种树干液流(J_s)的变化与总辐射(R_s)和水汽压亏缺(D)显著相关,且J_s均滞后于R_s,提前于D;J_s与R_s之间最大相关系数(0.74～0.93)通常比J_s与D之间最大相关系数(0.57～0.79)高,表明日尺度上J_s在很大程度上依赖于R_s的变化.除油松外,其他树种J_s与R_s之间时滞范围(10～70 min)比J_s与D之间时滞范围(47～130 min)短,其中刺槐、油松和雪松种间差异显著;城市树种J_s与蒸腾驱动因子之间的时滞主要受树形（胸径、树高、冠层投影面积、边材面积）以及夜间水分补充量的影响,而与树种无关.     

Daylength and thermal time responses of budburst during dormancy release in some northern deciduous trees

Dormancy release and thermal time to budburst as affected by duration of chilling outdoors, followed by different flushing temperatures and daylengths in a phytotron, were studied in cuttings of several northern tree species. In Betula pubescens, B. pendula and Prunus padus vegetative buds were released from dormancy already in December, in Populus tremula in January, whereas in Alnus incana and A. glutinosa dormancy was not released until February. Thermal time (day degrees >0°C) to budburst decreased non-linearily with increasing duration of chilling (i. e. duration outdoors), and the slope of this relationship differed among species. The estimated effective base temperature for accumulation of thermal time varied from + 1°C in P. tremula to −4°C in P. padus . The use of 0°C as base temperature is recommended. Long days reduced the thermal time to budburst at all flushing temperatures (9, 15 and 21°C) in all the above species and in Corylus avellana , whereas Sorbus aucuparia and Rubus idaeus showed no daylength response. Since the chilling requirement of all species was far exceeded even in a winter with January-March temperatures 6.5°C above normal, it is concluded that under Scandinavian conditions, the main effect of climatic warming would be earlier budburst and, associated with that, a longer growing season and increased risk of spring frost injury.     

The impact of thermal seasonality on terrestrial endotherm food web dynamics: a revision of the Exploitation Ecosystem Hypothesis

Many terrestrial endotherm food webs constitute three trophic level cascades. Others have two trophic level dynamics (food limited herbivores; plants adapted to tackle intense herbivory) or one trophic level dynamic (herbivorous endotherms absent, thus plants compete for the few places where they can survive and grow). According to the Exploitation Ecosystems Hypothesis (EEH), these contrasting dynamics are consequences of differences in primary productivity. The productivity thresholds for changing food web dynamics were assumed to be global constants. We challenged this assumption and found that several model parameters are sensitive to the contrast between persistently warm and seasonally cold climates. In persistently warm environments, three trophic level dynamics can be expected to prevail almost everywhere, save the most extreme deserts. We revised EEH accordingly and tested it by compiling direct evidence of three and two trophic level dynamics and by studying the global distribution of felids. In seasonally cold environments, we found evidence for three trophic level dynamics only in productive ecosystems, while evidence for two trophic level dynamics appeared in ecosystems with low primary productivity. In persistently warm environments, we found evidence for three trophic level dynamics in all types of ecosystems. The distribution of felids corroborated these results. The empirical evidence thus indicates that two trophic level dynamics, as defined by EEH, are restricted to seasonally cold biomes with low primary productivity, such as the artic–alpine tundra and the temperate steppe.     

Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature

The physiological equivalent temperature, PET, is a thermal index derived from the human energy balance. It is well suited to the evaluation of the thermal component of different climates. As well as having a detailed physiological basis, PET is preferable to other thermal indexes like the predicted mean vote because of its unit (°C), which makes results more comprehensible to urban or regional planners, for example, who are not so familiar with modern human-biometeorological terminology. PET results can be presented graphically or as bioclimatic maps. Graphs mostly display the temporal behaviour of PET, whereas spatial distribution is specified in bioclimatic maps. In this article, some applications of PET are discussed. They relate to the evaluation of the urban heat island in cities in both temperate climates and warm climates at high altitude. The thermal component of the microclimate in the trunk space of a deciduous forest is also evaluated by PET. As an example of the spatial distribution of PET, a bioclimatic map for Greece in July (Mediterranean climate) is presented. Received: 7 April 1999 / Accepted: 26 May 1999     

多孔淀粉固化杜香精油的制备及缓释性能研究

我国东北地区拥有丰富的杜香植物资源。该植物带有独特香气,带叶嫩枝含油量较高。然而,杜香精油挥发性强,稳定性差,香气不持久和携带不便等缺点限制了杜香精油及其相关产品的开发和利用。本文将主要探究了多孔淀粉固化杜香精油的制备工艺及其缓释性能。利用精油粉末化技术,采用研磨吸附的方法,制备了固化杜香精油粉末。利用DSC和TG探究了固化精油粉末的热学稳定性能并探究了其在不同温度下的缓释持香效果结果表明:多孔淀粉的最大吸油量为1.42 g·g^-1。多孔淀粉与杜香精油的质量比为1∶0.75(g·g^-1)时,固化精油粉末的气味较好,呈现出淡黄色粉末状态;固化精油粉末的保留率为杜香精油的3.57倍体现出其良好的热学稳定性;在同一温度下,相同时间内固化精油粉末比未固化精油的缓释持香效果更显著。多孔淀粉固化杜香精油的制备工艺简单,样品缓释持香效果明显,具有一定的应用推广价值。     

Relative tolerance of cirripede larval stages to acute thermal shock: A laboratory study

(1) Meroplankters drawn into once-through cooling circuits of coastal power plants are subjected to transient thermal stress. The effect of such acute thermal shock on the development of barnacle larvae was studied in the laboratory.

(2) The response of the barnacle larvae (naupliar and cyprid stages) to elevated temperature was dependent on exposure time and their stage of development.

(3) Among the stages tested, N-6 larvae showed maximum tolerance. Exposure to 37°C did not affect larval survival, but delayed development of N-2 larva to cypris by one day.

(4) Exposure at 40°C delayed, hastened or did not affect the development time of N-2 and N-4 larvae through cypris, depending on exposure time.

(5) Ten mins exposure at 43°C proved lethal to all larval stages with mortality ranging from 20 to 86%.

(6) Development success of the surviving larvae, measured in terms of cypris yield, showed no significant difference from controls, at temperatures below 40°C.

(7) Settlement activity was significantly affected in only those cyprid larvae which were exposed to 43°C for 10 min.

(8) Results of the present study indicate that thermal stress experienced in the once-through cooling system does not have significant impact on survival and development of the barnacle larvae at temperatures of 37–40°C.