塔里木河中游胡杨径向生长对气候变化的响应研究

以塔里木河中游荒漠河岸林胡杨为研究对象,选择中游河道新沙吉利克、坎白吾斯坦两个断面,分析塔里木河中游胡杨径向生长量的特点,基于离断面较近的气象站长时间序列的气温数据,采用相关性分析和MannKendall突变检验方法研究塔里木河中游胡杨径向生长量对温度动态变化的响应。结果显示:(1)塔里木河中游的河流沿岸,胡杨径向生长变化与温度变化均呈增加趋势;新沙吉利克、坎白吾斯坦断面胡杨径向生长量突变分别发生在1993年和1998年以后,且该地区的胡杨径向生长量对温度具有滞后性。(2)从时段分析发现,当年6~9月的温度对胡杨径向生长量的促进作用最大,6~9月的温度可能是该地区胡杨径向生长的限制性因子。(3)当年平均温度在13~33℃时,胡杨径向生长量达到最大值;当温度超过33℃,胡杨径向生长量呈现减弱趋势。研究表明,当年平均温度过高或过低都会抑制胡杨的径向生长。     

Rhodobacteraceae on the marine brown alga Fucus spiralis are abundant and show physiological adaptation to an epiphytic lifestyle

Macroalgae harbour specific microbial communities on their surface that have functions related to host health and defence. In this study, the bacterial biofilm of the marine brown alga Fucus spiralis was investigated using 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based analysis and isolation of bacteria. Rhodobacteraceae (Alphaproteobacteria) were the predominant family constituting 23% of the epibacterial community. At the genus level, Sulfitobacter, Loktanella, Octadecabacter and a previously undescribed cluster were most abundant, and together they comprised 89% of the Rhodobacteraceae. Supported by a specific PCR approach, 23 different Rhodobacteraceae-affiliated strains were isolated from the surface of F. spiralis, which belonged to 12 established and three new genera. For seven strains, closely related sequences were detected in the 16S rRNA gene dataset. Growth experiments with substrates known to be produced by Fucus spp. showed that all of them were consumed by at least three strains, and vitamin B₁₂ was produced by 70% of the isolates. Since growth of F. spiralis depends on B₁₂ supplementation, bacteria may provide the alga with this vitamin. Most strains produced siderophores, which can enhance algal growth under iron-deficient conditions. Inhibiting properties against other bacteria were only observed when F. spiralis material was present in the medium. Thus, the physiological properties of the isolates indicated adaption to an epiphytic lifestyle.     

基于秸秆还田条件下的黄灌区稻旱轮作土壤硝态氮淋失特征研究

宁夏引黄灌区农田面源污染较为严重,区内大部分排水沟水质为劣Ⅴ类,其主要污染物硝态氮与铵态氮。设置常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥条件下施用4500kg/hm~2(T1,半量还田)和9000 kg/hm~2(T2,全量还田)秸秆3个处理。利用树脂芯法吸附10、20、30、60、90cm土层的硝态氮流失量。2009—2013年的试验结果表明:秸秆还田能够减少土壤30cm土层的硝态氮淋失。与对照硝态氮淋失量(15.76 kg/hm~2)相比,T1(13.76 kg/hm~2)与T2(13.74 kg/hm~2)均达到显著差异(P0.05),淋失量分别减少12.71%和12.84%,T1与T2没有达到显著差异。秸秆还田对土壤硝态氮淋失的影响效应主要体现在30cm土层处,10、20、60与90cm土层处的处理与对照都没有达到显著差异。秸秆还田提高了30cm土层的土壤有机质与土壤总氮,与对照(13.78 g/kg)相比,T1与T2土壤有机质分别提高0.89 g/kg和1.24 g/kg;试验结束后,对照、T1和T2的总氮是达到0.64、0.66和0.69 g/kg,与对照相比,处理分别提高了2.76%和6.83%。秸秆还田有助于作物增产,T1与T2的水稻平均增产9.24%和10.37%,小麦增产10.11%和11.51%。     

Structure, dynamics and mapping of membrane-binding residues of micelle-bound antimicrobial peptides by natural abundance C NMR spectroscopy

Worldwide bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics has drawn much research attention to naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) owing to their potential as alternative antimicrobials. Structural studies of AMPs are essential for an in-depth understanding of their activity, mechanism of action, and in guiding peptide design. Two-dimensional solution proton NMR spectroscopy has been the major tool. In this article, we describe the applications of natural abundance ¹³C NMR spectroscopy that provides complementary information to 2D ¹H NMR. The correlation of ¹³Cα secondary shifts with both 3D structure and heteronuclear ¹⁵N NOE values indicates that natural abundance carbon chemical shifts are useful probes for backbone structure and dynamics of membrane peptides. Using human LL-37-derived peptides (GF-17, KR-12, and RI-10), as well as amphibian antimicrobial and anticancer peptide aurein 1.2 and its analog LLAA, as models, we show that the cross peak intensity plots of 2D ¹H-¹³Cα HSQC spectra versus residue number present a wave-like pattern (HSQC wave) where key hydrophobic residues of micelle-bound peptides are located in the troughs with weaker intensities, probably due to fast exchange between the free and bound forms. In all the cases, the identification of aromatic phenylalanines as a key membrane-binding residue is consistent with previous intermolecular Phe-lipid NOE observations. Furthermore, mutation of one of the key hydrophobic residues of KR-12 to Ala significantly reduced the antibacterial activity of the peptide mutants. These results illustrate that natural abundance heteronuclear-correlated NMR spectroscopy can be utilized to probe backbone structure and dynamics, and perhaps to map key membrane-binding residues of peptides in complex with micelles. ¹H-¹³Cα HSQC wave, along with other NMR waves such as dipolar wave and chemical shift wave, offers novel insights into peptide-membrane interactions from different angles.     

Key Amino Acid Residues Involved in Multi-Point Binding Interactions between Brazzein, a Sweet Protein, and the T1R2-T1R3 Human Sweet Receptor

The sweet protein brazzein [recombinant protein with sequence identical with the native protein lacking the N-terminal pyroglutamate (the numbering system used has Asp2 as the N-terminal residue)] activates the human sweet receptor, a heterodimeric G-protein-coupled receptor composed of subunits Taste type 1 Receptor 2 (T1R2) and Taste type 1 Receptor 3 (T1R3). In order to elucidate the key amino acid(s) responsible for this interaction, we mutated residues in brazzein and each of the two subunits of the receptor. The effects of brazzein mutations were assayed by a human taste panel and by an in vitro assay involving receptor subunits expressed recombinantly in human embryonic kidney cells; the effects of the receptor mutations were assayed by in vitro assay. We mutated surface residues of brazzein at three putative interaction sites: site 1 (Loop43), site 2 (N- and C-termini and adjacent Glu36, Loop33), and site 3 (Loop9-19). Basic residues in site 1 and acidic residues in site 2 were essential for positive responses from each assay. Mutation of Y39A (site 1) greatly reduced positive responses. A bulky side chain at position 54 (site 2), rather than a side chain with hydrogen-bonding potential, was required for positive responses, as was the presence of the native disulfide bond in Loop9-19 (site 3). Results from mutagenesis and chimeras of the receptor indicated that brazzein interacts with both T1R2 and T1R3 and that the Venus flytrap module of T1R2 is important for brazzein agonism. With one exception, all mutations of receptor residues at putative interaction sites predicted by wedge models failed to yield the expected decrease in brazzein response. The exception, hT1R2 (human T1R2 subunit of the sweet receptor):R217A/hT1R3 (human T1R3 subunit of the sweet receptor), which contained a substitution in lobe 2 at the interface between the two subunits, exhibited a small selective decrease in brazzein activity. However, because the mutation was found to increase the positive cooperativity of binding by multiple ligands proposed to bind both T1R subunits (brazzein, monellin, and sucralose) but not those that bind to a single subunit (neotame and cyclamate), we suggest that this site is involved in subunit-subunit interaction rather than in direct brazzein binding. Results from this study support a multi-point interaction between brazzein and the sweet receptor by some mechanism other than the proposed wedge models.     

莲幼苗的胚根发育及其筛分子研究

报道了莲无初生根型幼苗的胚根发育过程,其胚根由分生组织转化成贮藏组织,致使胚根不突破种皮;莲幼苗初生维管系统中的筛分子为筛管分子。莲的子叶和胚根连为一体的特殊结构与其生活环境和系统演化密切相关。     

飞机草挥发油对真菌和昆虫的生物活性及其化学成分研究

研究结果表明 :飞机草挥发油在中等浓度 (80 0mg·l-1)时 ,对水稻稻瘟病菌 (Pryiculariagrisea)的抑制作用最强 ,对长春花疫病菌 (Phytophthoranicotianae)的抑制作用次之 ,对香蕉枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporum)的抑制作用最弱 ,其抑菌率分别为 6 1.4 0 %、2 9.2 7%和 14 .4 4 %。用 10～ 2 0 μl·株 -1的飞机草挥发油 ,对小菜蛾 (Plutellaxylostella)和黄曲条跳甲 (Phyllotretastriolata)有显著的驱避产卵作用。用GC/MS详细分析了飞机草挥发油的化学成分 ,共鉴定了 33个化合物。主要成分是萜类化合物 ,如反式 石竹烯 (16 5 8% )、δ 杜松烯 (15 .85 % )、α 可巴烯 (11.5 8% )、氧化石竹烯 (9.6 3% )、大根香叶烯 (4.96 % )和α 律草烯 (4.32 % )。     

The D' measure of overall gametic disequilibrium between pairs of multiallelic loci

Abstract The D ' coefficient is one of the most commonly used measures of the extent of gametic disequilibrium between multiallelic loci. It has been suggested that the range of the D ' measure of overall disequilibrium between pairs of multiallelic loci depends on allele frequencies, except under some very restricted conditions. Nevertheless, the problem of dependence of the range of D ' has not been characterized under a wide set of possible polymorphisms. Evaluation of the utility of D ' as a measure of the strength of overall disequilibrium between all possible pairs of alleles at two multiallelic loci requires better knowledge of its range than is currently available. In this work, the conditions of polymorphism under which the range of D ' is frequency independent are given. It is found that the range of D ' is more often independent of allelic frequencies than is commonly thought. Furthermore, the range of D ' undergoes only small fluctuations as a function of the polymorphisms at the loci. Numerical cases and microsatellite data from humans are used for illustration. These observations indicate that the D ' coefficient is a useful tool for the estimation and comparison of the extent of overall disequilibrium across pairs of multiallelic loci.     

Assessing conservation attitudes and behaviors of Congolese children neighboring the world's first bonobo (Pan paniscus) release site

Poaching and habitat destruction in the Congo Basin threaten African great apes including the bonobo (Pan paniscus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and gorillas (Gorilla spp.) with extinction. One way to combat extinction is to reintroduce rescued and rehabilitated apes and repopulate native habitats. Reintroduction programs are only successful if they are supported by local populations. Ekolo ya Bonobo, located in Equateur province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), is the world's only reintroduction site for rehabilitated bonobos. Here we assess whether children, of the Ilonga‐Pôo, living adjacent to Ekolo ya Bonobo demonstrate more pro‐ape conservation attitudes than children living in, Kinshasa, the capital city. We examined children's attitudes toward great apes because children are typically the focus of conservation education programs. We used the Great Ape Attitude Questionnaire to test the Contact Hypothesis, which posits that proximity to great ape habitat influences pro‐conservation attitudes toward great apes. Ilonga‐Pôo children who live in closer contact with wild bonobos felt greater responsibility to protect great apes compared to those in Kinshasa who live outside the natural habitat of great apes. These results suggest that among participants in the DRC, spatial proximity to a species fosters a greater sense of responsibility to protect and conserve. These results have implications for the successful implementation of great ape reintroduction programs in the Congo Basin. The data analyzed in this study were collected in 2010 and therefore provide a baseline for longitudinal study of this reintroduction site.