Reciprocity and partner preference in grooming of female blue monkeys

Grooming among adult and older juvenile females in a wild group of blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) is analyzed and related to agonistic behavior. Both grooming and agonistic behavior were less frequent than would be expected in baboon and macaque groups. Fair shares of grooming were given and taken, both within and between interactions, in amost dyads, and all females were seen to groom with at least half the others. The reciprovity of grooming was its most outstanding feature. There was no evidence that grooming was preferentially directed at kin. Frequent grooming partnerships fell into two clusters, one of which ranked higher than the other. We suggest that grooming throughout the group helps to establish a coherent team of females which effectively, defends its territory in daily encounters at the boundaries with neighboring groups.     

Die Bedeutung der Habitatstrukturen als Regulationsmechanismus für die Brutpaardichte von Rabenkr?hen (Corvus c. corone)

Zusammenfassung Von Januar bis September 1996 wurden in vier Gebieten Niedersachsens mit einer Gesamtfläche von 113 km² Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung des Brutplatzangebotes für die Ausbildung unterschiedlicher Siedlungsdichten der Rabenkrähen (Corvus c. corone) durchgeführt. Ziele waren eine Bestandserfassung der Rabenkrähen sowie eine Beurteilung der Habitatstruktur als Regulationsmechanismus für ihre Verteilung und Siedlungsdichte. Die meisten Horste fanden sich in Baumreihen oder Alleen, in gebäudeumgebenden Gehölzen und auf den Stahlmasten von Hochspannungsleitungen. Waldränder wurden als Brutstandort nicht bevorzugt. Der mittlere Nestabstand aller Gebiete betrug 689 m, Reviergrößen schwankten zwischen 0,18 und 0,6 km². Die Nisthöhen lagen zwischen 2,5 und 42 m; in Gehölzen dominierte eine Höhe von 13 m. Die Abundanzen schwankten zwischen 0,5 und 2,0 Paaren/km² bei einer mittleren Abundanz von 1,4 Paaren/km² und einer Gesamtzahl von 72 Nichtbrüterindividuen. Die Habitatstrukturen ermöglichten hypothetisch 3,2- bis 7,6fach höhere Brutpaardichten als real vorkamen. Nur 20% der Strukturen wurden als Nistplatz genutzt. Eine Abhängigkeit der Horstverteilung von der Verteilung der Habitatstrukturen wurde nicht gefunden. Weder die Habitatstrukturen an sich noch in Verbindung mit den Reviergrößen sind als ultimativer Regulationsmechanismus für die Revier- und Brutplatzwahl und damit für die Verteilung und Siedlungsdichte der Rabenkrähen anzusehen.

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Significance of habitat structures as a regulatory mechanism for the breeding density of Carrion Crows (Corvus corone corone)

Summary In four regions of Lower Saxony with a total area of 113 km² we examined woods and electricity pylons as habitat structures with respect to their frequency distribution and suitability as breeding places of carrion crows. We determined real population densities and calculated a hypothetical breeding density in relation to habitat structures in order to test a possible regulative effect of these structures on regional differences in settlement density ofCorvus c. corone. The regional capacities indicated a hypothetical breeding density 3.2 to 7.6 times higher than was proven in reality. Even in a medium-sized territory of 0.5 km² (a value to be found in literature) a 1.4 times higher density is still possible. Furthermore, the regional nest distribution established by the index of dispersion was random, but the habitat structures showed clumping. Neither the habitat structures on their own nor in combination with territory size can be regarded as definite mechanisms of regulation in the choice of territory and breeding place and thence of the distribution and settlement density ofCorvus c. corone. The possible influence of food supply and non-breeding populations on distribution patterns and settlement densities is discussed.

Gefördert mit Jagdforschungsmitteln des Landes Niedersachsen     

The activity budget and use of territory by a tropical blenniid fish

Both sexes of Ophioblennius atlanticus (Valenciennes) maintain permanent territories, intermixed without pattern. They occur at a density of about 1.9 individuals per m² on shallow coral rock and comprise a significant portion of the benthic fish biomass. They are diurnal; about 60% of their time is spent resting, 15% swimming and 8.5% feeding. Feeding is concentrated in the afternoon and is time-minimized. Territory is used exponentially, about 50% of time being spent in about 15% of the territory. The relatively infrequent use of peripheral parts of a territory suggest that it is potentially compressible or expansible. This, in turn, leads to a conclusion that an optimum size can only be defined as a range and mat, normally, a territory includes more resources than the minimum for survival. Competition may be reduced between aegis corrivals of different species.     

Evaluating Habitat Quality for the Dusky Flycatcher

Abstract: We studied the dusky flycatcher (Empidonax oberholseri) at 8 sites in central Idaho, USA, in 2002 and 2003 to examine relationships among vegetation cover, density of breeding conspecifics, and indicators of habitat quality. Number of breeding territories and number of fledglings per hectare were positively associated, suggesting that the dusky flycatcher experienced increased reproductive success where it bred at the highest densities. However, the relationships between nesting success, annual reproductive success, number of fledglings per hectare, and amount of understory cover showed substantial annual variation. Nesting success did not differ significantly across sites or between years. Both reproductive success, expressed as young produced per hectare (range: 0.34–3.09 in 2002 and 0.79–3.82 in 2003) and young produced per nesting attempt (range: 0.71–2.78 in 2002 and 1.11–3.10 in 2003), differed across study sites in each year. Mean clutch size did not differ significantly among sites or years. Mean egg weight showed significant variation across some sites within years and was associated negatively with the 3 measures of reproductive success in 2002, although small sample sizes prevented reliable inference about the appropriateness of this measure as an indicator of habitat quality. Mean clutch size and mean egg weight were not associated with vegetation cover variables. Thus, dusky flycatcher reproductive success showed inconsistencies with individual vegetation measurements at the site scale. Forest managers who use vegetation treatments to increase amounts of understory shrub cover (e.g., by removing portions of the overstory conifer canopy) should increase densities of this species and, in turn, increase number of fledglings produced, but these responses appear to be better measured at the territory or nest scales than at the stand or site scales.     

Use of farmland by Ortolan Buntings (Emberiza hortulana) nesting on a burned forest area

Summary Most passerines have all-purpose territories in which both breeding and feeding take place. However, Ortolan Buntings (Emberiza hortulana) in Norway seem to depend on foraging areas outside nesting territories. We used radio transmitters to study patterns of farmland use by Ortolan Buntings nesting on a burned forest area. Territories on the forest burn were located closer to farmland than expected by chance. Males were absent from territories on average 27 % of the time and used foraging areas up to 2.7 km away from their territories. Males had to fly over an average of 1.4 territories of other males to reach those foraging areas. The distance between territory and closest area of farmland (range 40–460 m) did not affect the proportion of time absent from territories, or other measures of farmland use. However, there was a trend that duration of absences increased with territory-farmland distance among mated males, and duration of absences were shorter during the nestling period than before. Thus, it seems that minimizing travel costs may be a behavioural strategy. Even so, males with territories close to farmland were not more often paired than males further away from farmland. These findings indicate that the spatial distribution of one habitat (farmland) affects territory establishment and foraging behaviour of Ortolan Buntings nesting in another habitat (a forest burn).

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Nutzung von Ackerland durch Ortolane (Emberiza hortulana) einer benachbarten Brandfl?che

Zusammenfassung Bei den meisten Singv?geln ist das Revier sowohl Brut- als auch Nahrungsraum. Bei Ortolanen (Emberiza hortulana) in Norwegen, die auf Brandflachen brüten, scheint dies aber anders zu sein. Radiotelemetrische Untersuchen zeigten, dass sie von Nahrungsgründen au?erhalb der Brutterritorien abh?ngig sind. Die Nester auf den Brandflachen h?uften sich am Rand zum benachbarten Ackerland. M?nnchen waren durchschnittlich 27 % der Zeit vom Brutrevier abwesend und gingen his zu 2,7 km vom Brutplatz entfernt auf Nahrungssuche, wozu sie durchschnittlich 1,4 Reviere anderer M?nnchen überfliegen mussten. Der Abstand zwischen Brutrevier und n?chstem Nahrungsplatz (zwischen 40 und 460 m) hatte keinen Einfluss auf den Zeitanteil au?erhalb des Brutreviers. Die Dauer der Abwesenheit stieg jedoch bei verpaarten M?nnchen mit der Entfernung zwischen Brutrevier und Ackerland und sie war kürzer w?hrend der Nestlingsphase. Dies wird als Verhaltensstrategie zur Minimierung der Flugkosten interpretiert. M?nnchen mit Revieren n?her am Ackerland waren nicht h?ufiger verpaart als mehr entfernte Revierinhaber. Diese Untersuchungen zeigen, dass beim Ortolan die r?umliche Verteilung eines Habitats (hier Ackerland) einen Einfluss auf die Etablierung von Brutrevieren und das Nahrungssuchverhalten in einem anderen Lebensraum (hier Brandfl?chen) hat.

     

The physiological effects of psychological stress

The study of behavior is a powerful tool in the captive management of wild animals. It can, if properly applied, provide insight into a wide variety of problems. The interpretation of behavioral observations requires a firm understanding and characterization of the environmental parameters that can induce the physiological state of stress through neurological means in the study subjects. These factors include, but are not limited to, territorial factors, including social and physical accommodations, photo factors, and acoustical factors. Proper interpretation of behavioral observations also requires a basic understanding of the biochemical and physiological impacts of neuroendocrine-mediated stress. These include alterations in an individual's ability to metabolize toxic substances, resist infections, and reproduce. Confounding effects of these alterations must be considered in the examination of behavioral data. The most powerful experimental designs in comparative behavior are those that concurrently examine environmental stressors, physiological status, and behavior.