施氮对几种草地植物生物量及其分配的影响

为了研究施氮对不同草地植物生物量及其分配的影响,以及温带草地生态系统碳交换过程对氮素的响应,在内蒙古太仆寺旗农田-草地生态系统野外站,以4种草地植物:紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、高丹草(Sorghum bicolor L.) 、羊草(Leymus chinensis T.)和小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylia L.)为材料,进行了3种氮素水平 的盆栽控制实验。研究结果表明:施氮显著促进了4种植物地上生物量的积累,紫花苜蓿在中氮水平地上生物量最大,较对照增加了24.8%,高丹草、羊草、小叶锦鸡儿在高氮水平地上生物量最大,分别较对照增加了45.6%、39.3%和72.2%。4种植物在中氮水平地下生物量最大,而细根(直径≤2mm)生物量随施氮量的增加显著减少。羊草根茎生物量及其分配比例随施氮量的增加而增大。施氮显著降低了4种植物的根冠比,紫花苜蓿的根冠比在中氮水平时最小,为1.62,高丹草、羊草、小叶锦鸡儿的根冠比在高氮水平时最小,分别为0.57、1.02和0.41。随施氮量的增加,植物地下部分特别是细根的分配比例显著降低,地上部分分配比例显著增加。不同植物对施氮水平的响应不同,相比豆科植物,施氮显著促进禾本科植物生物量积累,并使其生物量分配格局发生显著改变。     

松嫩草原三种主要植物群落枯落物层生态水文功能

分析了松嫩草原主要植物群落羊草群落、虎尾草群落、碱茅群落枯落物层的蓄积量及持水能力、枯落物层对降水的截留以及枯落物层抑制土壤水分蒸发的效应.结果表明,羊草群落枯落物蓄积量最大为4.7t·hm-2,最大持水量为9.6t·hm-2,最大持水率为208.4%;虎尾草群落枯落物层蓄积量、最大持水量和最大持水率分别为3.0t·hm-2、7.4t·hm-2和262.8%;碱茅群落分别为2.6t·hm-2、5.0t·hm-2和202.2%;3种群落枯落物层对降水的截留量分别为6.57、5.79和5.26t·hm-2,随着降雨量的增加,截留量增加,截留率减小;0.5~2mm枯落物覆盖下不同含水量的土壤水分蒸发比无覆盖的土壤减少7.95%~56.79%,枯落物层减少土壤水分蒸发的效应随枯落物层厚度和土壤含水量的增大而增加.     

Higher genetic diversity in recolonized areas than in refugia of Alnus glutinosa triggered by continent‐wide lineage admixture

Genetic admixture is supposed to be an important trigger of species expansions because it can create the potential for selection of genotypes suitable for new climatic conditions. Up until now, however, no continent‐wide population genetic study has performed a detailed reconstruction of admixture events during natural species expansions. To fill this gap, we analysed the postglacial history of Alnus glutinosa, a keystone species of European swamp habitats, across its entire distribution range using two molecular markers, cpDNA and nuclear microsatellites. CpDNA revealed multiple southern refugia located in the Iberian, Apennine, Balkan and Anatolian Peninsulas, Corsica and North Africa. Analysis of microsatellites variation revealed three main directions of postglacial expansion: (i) from the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula to Western and Central Europe and subsequently to the British Isles, (ii) from the Apennine Peninsula to the Alps and (iii) from the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula to the Carpathians followed by expansion towards the Northern European plains. This challenges the classical paradigm that most European populations originated from refugial areas in the Carpathians. It has been shown that colonizing lineages have met several times and formed secondary contact zones with unexpectedly high population genetic diversity in Central Europe and Scandinavia. On the contrary, limited genetic admixture in southern refugial areas of A. glutinosa renders rear‐edge populations in the Mediterranean region more vulnerable to extinction due to climate change.     

氮添加对沙质草地氨挥发及硝态氮淋溶的影响

采用密闭室法和离子交换树脂袋法,研究了科尔沁沙质草地不同处理(水添加、氮添加、水氮添加)氧挥发的损失量和硝态氮的淋溶量.结果表明:氮添加处理和水氮添加处理显著促进了氨挥发(P＜0.05),最大氨挥发速率显著高于对照;氮添加处理和水氮添加处理的氨挥发累积量为111.80和148.64 mg·m-2,分别占氮添加量的1.1％和1.5％;水氮同时添加条件下,氨挥发累计量显著高于氨添加处理(P＜0.05),水添加处理和对照相比没有显著差异(P＞0.05);水氮添加处理显著增加了土壤深度20 cm处的硝态氮淋溶量(P＜0.05),氮添加处理和水氮添加处理的硝态氮淋溶量分别是对照的1.96和4.22倍,然而在土壤深度40 cm处各处理硝态氮淋溶量差异不显著(P＞0.05);可见,氮添加和水氮添加均促进了土壤的氧挥发,对硝态氮的淋溶没有显著影响.     

荒漠草原沙漠化植物群落及土壤物理变化

沙漠化是草地退化最严重的形式之一。以空间代替时间的方法,通过对宁夏中北部荒漠草原沙漠化过程中植物群落特征和土壤物理特性的研究,探讨草地植物群落与土壤物理特性对沙漠化的响应机制。结果表明:(1)潜在沙漠化阶段草地以牛枝子、猪毛蒿、中亚白草为优势种,轻度沙漠化阶段草地以中亚白草、苦豆子为优势种,中度沙漠化阶段草地以狗尾草、虫实为优势种,重度沙漠化阶段草地以沙米、赖草、狗尾草为优势种,极度沙漠化阶段草地以沙米为优势种。(2)随着沙漠化程度的加剧草地植物群落生物量、Shannon-Wiener指数、丰富度指数、盖度均呈降低趋势,但轻度沙漠化阶段草地植被生物量比潜在沙漠化增加了23%。(3)草地沙漠化导致土壤容重和土壤粗砂粒含量增加,而土壤水分,土壤细砂粒和粘粉粒含量降低。荒漠草原沙漠化导致了土壤环境和植被明显退化,草地生产力明显降低。     

外源氮素添加对森林土壤氨基糖转化的影响

采用室内模拟培养法研究了不同数量氮素添加条件下森林土壤中3种微生物来源的氨基糖含量的动态变化,并且利用氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸的比值分析了氮素添加条件下土壤真菌和细菌对土壤氮素转化和积累的相对贡献。结果表明:土壤中氨基糖含量的动态变化与土壤中的养分状况密切相关;当向土壤中添加氮源时,微生物会利用外加氮源合成自身的细胞壁物质,并且高氮处理胞壁酸含量高于低氮处理,而高氮处理氨基葡萄糖含量则低于低氮处理,说明随施氮量的增加更有利于以胞壁酸为代表的细菌残留物在土壤中的积累,不利于以氨基葡萄糖为代表的真菌残留物的积累,氨基半乳糖对氮素添加的响应较小;当土壤中养分缺乏时,氨基糖能够发生不同程度的分解;添加氮源条件下,真菌和细菌来源氨基糖的比值发生变化,细菌对土壤氮素转化的贡献大于真菌,并且高氮处理细菌的贡献更大。本研究表明,氮素添加改变了以氨基糖为代表的土壤氮素的微生物转化过程。     

黄土高原北部紫花苜蓿草地退化过程与植物多样性研究

以陕西省神木县六道沟小流域为研究区域,探讨了黄土高原北部紫花苜蓿人工草地退化过程中植物多样性的变化.结果表明,在黄土高原北部森林草原气候区,紫花苜蓿人工草地的退化演替过程可以划分为3个阶段:紫花苜蓿草地阶段(1～6年)、人工草地向天然草地演替的过渡阶段(6～10年)与长芒草次生天然草地阶段(10年以上).在1～30年的演替过程中,调查样方内共出现高等植物32种,分属于13科28属,其中90%以上出现在前6年.植被演替过程中累积出现的植物科属种数的动态变化可以用对数函数进行较好地描述.在群落演替过程中,物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数的变化趋势基本一致,在演替前期(第1个阶段)增加较快,在第2个阶段(过渡阶段)达到最高,然后有所降低并渐趋稳定.种植紫花苜蓿可显著地加快植被的自然演替进程,这与人工草地水分消耗强烈加速了土壤的旱化过程密切相关.发展人工草地是黄土高原北部加速天然植被恢复与发展畜牧业、增加农民收入的有机结合点,是西部生态环境建设中生态效益与经济效益兼顾的良好范式.     

Vegetation,environmental characteristics and ideas on the maintenance of alvars on the Bruce Peninsula,Canada

Abstract. Despite international recognition that alvar habitats are important reservoirs of biodiversity, they remain little studied in North America. In this paper, the results are reported on an investigation of alvars in the central portion of their known distribution on this continent. 210 plots were distributed among seven sites and were quantitatively sampled for vascular plants, lichens, bryophytes and a suite of environmental variables. Detrended and Canonical Correspondence Analyses and other methods were used to investigate differences among alvars, within alvars and between alvars and adjacent forested habitats. The plant communities and environmental conditions were highly similar among sites in the study region, yet very different from surrounding habitats. There were abrupt changes in vegetation and environmental conditions from alvar to forest, without the presence of transition zones in the vegetation or environmental gradients as the forest was approached. The environmental factors associated with the change from alvar to forest and with variation within alvar habitat were examined. Some alvars in the study were found to contain stunted, slow-growing trees reaching ages of 524 yr. These same sites appear to have remained unburned for several centuries, while other sites likely burned 90 yr ago. The plant communities were very similar between the alvars that lacked a major, biomass-removing disturbance in centuries and alvars that had experienced catastrophic fire relatively recently. Maintenance of the plant communities and open nature of alvars appears site-specific rather than habitat specific.     

Effects of simulated long-term climatic change on the bryophytes of a limestone grassland community

The bryophyte vegetation of upland limestone grassland at Buxton in the southern Pennine Hills (UK) was studied following seven years' continuous simulated climate change treatments. The experimental design involved two temperature regimes (ambient, winter warming by 3°C) in factorial combination with three moisture regimes (normal, summer drought, supplemented summer rainfall) and with five replicate blocks. Percentage cover of the bryophytes was estimated visually using 15 randomly positioned quadrats (30 cm × 30 cm) within each of the 30 3 m × 3 m plots. Significant treatment effects were found but these were relatively modest. Total bryophyte cover and cover of Calliergonella cuspidata and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus responded negatively to drought, whereas Fissidens dubius increased in the droughted plots. Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus increased with winter warming, while R. squarrosus, Lophocolea bidentata and species richness all decreased. The effects on the total bryophyte flora were further studied by canonical correspondence analysis, which yielded a first axis reflecting the combined effects of the moisture and temperature treatments. However, this analysis and a detrended correspondence analysis of the plot data also revealed that natural factors were more important causes of variation in the grassland community than the simulated climate treatments. It was concluded that dewfall may be an important source of moisture for grassland bryophytes and that this factor may have reduced the impact of the moisture treatments. The absence of some thermophilous species such as Homalothecium lutescens in the plots initially may also have reduced their scope for major vegetational change.