中国桑寄生科植物资料(三)

作者在编著《ＦｌｏｒａｏｆＣｈｉｎａ》Ｌｏｒａｎｔｈａｃｅａｅ过程中,据近年采集的标本和花粉形态研究,修订了《中国植物志》第２４卷的桑寄生科。现报道钝果寄生属（Ｔａｘｉｌｕｓ）二个新分类单位：油杉钝果寄生Ｔ．ｒｅｎｉ,狭叶钝果寄生Ｔ．ｌｉｑｕｉｄａｍｂａｒｉｃｏｌｕｓｖａｒ．ｎｅｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｓ的描述和枫香钝果寄生Ｔ．ｌｉｑｕｉｄａｍｂａｒｉｃｏｌｕｓｖａｒ．ｌｉｑｕｉｄａｍｂａｒｉｃｏｌｕｓ及显脉钝果寄生Ｔ．ｃａｌｏｒｅａｓｖａｒ．ｆａｒｇｅｓｉ的地理分布区等;另有梨果寄生属（Ｓｃｕｒｒｕｌａ）一个新组合：藏南梨果寄生Ｓ．ｂｕｄｄｌｅｉｏｉｄｅｓｖａｒ．ｈｅｙｎｅｉ。     

Two new freshwater fish species of the genus Telestes (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) from karst poljes in Eastern Herzegovina and Dubrovnik littoral (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia)

Two new species, Telestes dabar and Telestes miloradi, are described on the basis of morphological comparisons of isolated geographical populations of fishes identified earlier as Telestes metohiensis. A lectotype is designated for Telestes metohiensis, whose range is shown to include waters of Gatačko, Cerničko, and Nevesinjsko poljes in Eastern Herzegovina. Telestes dabar from Dabarsko Polje (Eastern Herzegovina) and Telestes miloradi from Konavosko Polje (south Croatia) share with Telestes metohiensis the following combination of characters that distinguish them from the rest of the genus Telestes: pharyngeal teeth in one row, usually 5–4; preoperculo-mandibular canal not communicating with the infraorbital canal; mouth subterminal, the tip of the mouth cleft on or below the level of the ventral margin of the eye; postcleithrum minute or absent; ventral portion of the trunk with a dark stripe on a pale background; and dorsal portion of trunk uniformly dark and bordered ventrally by a dark midlateral stripe. Telestes dabar and Telestes miloradi are distinguishable from Telestes metohiensis in usually having 8½ branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. usually 7½), 9 or 10 gill rakers (vs. 7–10, usually 8), and the dark stripe on the ventral portion of the trunk below the main pigmented area of the back narrow and usually not reaching posteriorly to the caudal peduncle (vs. dark stripe wide and extending posteriorly to the caudal peduncle). Telestes dabar is distinguished from Telestes miloradi by having scales on most of the body situated close to one another and overlapping in a region behind the pectoral girdle and usually on the caudal peduncle (vs. overlapping scales on most of the body); the lateral line usually incomplete and interrupted, with 24–69, usually 54–65, total scales (vs. lateral line usually complete, with 55–67 total scales); scales above and below the lateral line slightly smaller than lateral-line scales (vs. of about equal size); head width 43–52% HL (vs. 48–58% HL); and lower jaw length 10–12% SL or 36–41% HL (vs. 8–10% SL or 33–38% HL). Telestes miloradi, a very local endemic species,is known only by historical samples. Telestes dabar is an abundant fish in Dabarsko Polje, but its range is critically restricted during the dry season by a few permanent sources. Nothing is known about its occurrence in underground karst waters.     

黄山大型真菌的物种多样性

安徽黄山属于黄山-怀玉山生物多样性保护优先区域,孕育了极为丰富的生物资源。为了解该区的大型真菌物种多样性,2018-2020年对该区的大型真菌展开了野外调查和标本采集,通过分子生物学方法及子实体形态特征检索比较对获得的标本进行鉴定,并对该区的物种组成、属级地理区系成分、经济真菌和特有成分等进行了统计分析。该地区共发现大型真菌421种,隶属于9纲19目72科200属,其中包含食用菌68种,药用菌31种,毒菌39种,特有种66种。优势科有牛肝菌科Boletaceae、鹅膏科Amanitaceae、红菇科Russulaceae、多孔菌科Polyporaceae、蘑菇科Agaricaceae、小皮伞科Marasmiaceae、光茸菌科Omphalotaceae、球盖菇科Strophariaceae、粉褶菌科Entolomataceae和口蘑科Tricholomataceae 10科,优势属为鹅膏属Amanita、乳菇属Lactarius、蘑菇属Agaricus、金牛肝菌属Aureoboletus、红菇属Russula、粉褶菌属Entoloma、小皮伞属Marasmius、小菇属Mycena、裸脚伞属Gymnopus、粉孢牛肝菌属Tylopilus、栓孔菌属Trametes、丝膜菌属Cortinarius、灵芝属Ganoderma和多汁乳菇属Lactifluus 14属。对黄山大型真菌属级地理成分分析发现该区大型真菌的区系地理成分可分为9类,主要以世界广布成分为主(66.5%),其次是北温带成分(15.5%)和泛热带成分(10.5%)。本研究表明黄山的大型真菌具有丰富的物种多样性,其中食用菌资源较为丰富,主要为世界广布成分,同时也具有较高的特异性。     

Oochoristica novaezealandae n. sp. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from a New Zealand skink,Leiolopisma nigriplantare maccanni Hardy, 1977

Abstract

Oochoristica novaezealandae n. sp. is described from the small intestine of a skink, Leiolopisma nigriplantare maccanni (Hardy 1977) from Birdling's Flat, Banks Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand. In having fewer than 20 testes it differs from all other species in the genus except O. chinensis Jensen, Schmidt & Kuntz, 1983; O. vacuolata Hickman, 1954; O. lygosomae Burt, 1933; and O. lygosomatis Skinker, 1935. Of these, it most resembles O. chinensis, but differs from it in the ovary, which consists of 2 rounded lobes; they are subdivided into finger-like lobules in O. chinensis. Further, O. novaezealandae has a conspicuous, encapsulated, sac-like mass of glands surrounding the genital atrium; these are not present in O. chinensis.     

Phenotypic Characteristics and Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds from Different Herbaceous Peony Species Native to China

Herbaceous peony has been widely cultivated in China due to its substantial ornamental and medicinal value. In the present study, the phenotypic characteristics, total fatty acid (FA) content, and nine FA compositions of herbaceous peony seeds from 14 populations belonging to six species and one subspecies were determined by normal test and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that the phenotypic characteristics of seeds varied dramatically among species. The concentrations of five major FAs in seed oils were as follows: linoleic acid (173.95–236.51 μg/mg), linolenic acid (227.82–302.71 μg/mg), oleic acid (135.32–208.81 μg/mg), stearic acid (6.52–11.7 μg/mg), and palmitic acid (30.67–47.64 μg/mg). Correlation analysis demonstrated that oleic acid had the highest partial correlation coefficient with total FAs and might be applied to develop a model of phenotypic characteristics. FAs were significantly influenced by the following environmental factors: latitude, elevation, and annual average temperature. Based on the FA levels in the seed oils, clustering analysis divided 14 populations into two clusters. It was found that the average contents of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and total FAs in cluster I (147.16 μg/mg, 200.31 μg/mg, and 671.24 μg/mg, respectively) were significantly lower than those in cluster II (196.65 μg/mg, 220.16 μg/mg, and 741.78 μg/mg, respectively). Cluster I was perfectly consistent with subsect. Foliolatae, while cluster II was in good agreement with subsect. Dissectifoliae. Therefore, the FA composition of wild herbaceous peony seed oil might be used as a chemotaxonomic marker.     

Pollen productivity estimates of key European plant taxa for quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation: a review

Information on the spatial distribution of past vegetation on local, regional and global scales is increasingly used within climate modelling, nature conservancy and archaeology. It is possible to obtain such information from fossil pollen records in lakes and bogs using the landscape reconstruction algorithm (LRA) and its two models, REVEALS and LOVE. These models assume that reliable pollen productivity estimates (PPEs) are available for the plant taxa involved in the quantitative reconstructions of past vegetation, and that PPEs are constant through time. This paper presents and discusses the PPEs for 15 tree and 18 herb taxa obtained in nine study areas of Europe. Observed differences in PPEs between regions may be explained by methodological issues and environmental variables, of which climate and related factors such as reproduction strategies and growth forms appear to be the most important. An evaluation of the PPEs at hand so far suggests that they can be used in modelling applications and quantitative reconstructions of past vegetation, provided that consideration of past environmental variability within the region is used to inform selection of PPEs, and bearing in mind that PPEs might have changed through time as a response to climate change. Application of a range of possible PPEs will allow a better evaluation of the results.     

The effect of light and seed mass on seed germination of common herbaceous species from the eastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau

Smaller seeds might encounter more severe selective pressure than larger ones because they have fewer food reserves and are more easily buried; thus, seed mass can be considered to be directly related to the effect of light on germination. To investigate the effect of light on seed germination and associated seed mass variation within a whole plant community, we compiled germination data for common herbaceous species from an alpine meadow on the eastern Qinghai‐Tibet plateau. The results showed the following. (i) Light had a general positive effect on seed germination. Under light, the proportion of species with lower germinability was decreased, mean germination percentage was increased by 20% and the speed of germination was doubled. (ii) Irrespective of light environment, species with medium‐sized seeds (seed mass ranging from 0.11 to 0.5 mg) had higher germination percentage and speed when compared with species within the largest seed mass group. (iii) The germination of smaller‐seeded species was more dependent on light stimulation than larger‐seeded ones. In darkness, the species within the smallest seed mass group had the lowest percentage and speed of germination; however, under light, the species within the largest seed mass group had the lowest percentage and speed of germination. Our results suggested that the germination characteristics and especially seeds’ response to light among species in the alpine meadow might be an adaptation to natural selective pressure.     

铁线莲属研究随访（Ⅳ）

（1）Eichler(1958)在研究马来西亚铁线莲属植物时也深入地研究了中国、越南、泰国、缅甸及喜马拉雅山区的该属标本,认为根据我国台湾标本描述的Clematis taiwaniana Hayata可能为C.javanaDC.的异名。本文作者在研究了有关的南洋群岛、中国台湾及日本琉球群岛的标本之后同意Eichler的归并意见;此外,C.grataWall.var.ryukiuensis Tamura,C.sikkimensis(Hook.f.&Thoms.)Drumm.ex Burkill,C.connata DC.var.bipinnata M.Y.Fang,C.kilungensis W.T.Wang & M.Y.Fang等拉丁学名也被归并为异名。（2）对大叶铁线莲组sect.Tubulosae做出了新的分类系统。特产日本的Clematis takedana Makino自发表后一直被认为是C.apiifolia DC.和C.stans Sieb. & Zucc.（大叶铁线莲C.heracleifolia DC.的近缘种之一）的杂交种。此种为木质藤本植物,具三出复叶,腋生花序有多数两性花,呈圆锥状,而相似于C.apiifolia DC.（萼片水平开展,雄蕊无毛,花药狭长圆形,药隔顶端不突出）,但其萼片向斜上方开展（花萼宽钟状）,花丝上部有疏柔毛,花药条形,药隔顶端有短突起而不同。笔者发现,特产我国河北西部和北京山地的羽叶铁线莲C.pinnata Maxim.（叶为具5小叶的羽状复叶）具有与C.takedanaMakino相同的花构造,二者在亲缘关系上极为相近,组成一个自然小群。这二种与特产北京的细花铁线莲C.tatarinowii Maxim.（花两性,萼片直立,花丝上部有疏柔毛,花药狭长圆形,背面有疏柔毛,药隔顶端不突出）组成大叶铁线莲组sect.Tubulosae的原始群——羽叶铁线莲亚组subsect.Pinnatae。而原来的大叶铁线莲C.heracleifolia DC.等种组成此组的进化群——大叶铁线莲亚组subsect.Tubulosae,其特征为花通常单性,萼片直立,雄蕊常有疏柔毛,茎直立,草质至木质。此外,还对C.siamensis Drumm.ex Burkill的4变种和C.connata DC.的5变种进行了分类。（3）描述了3新系、3新种和4新变种。（4）做出了6新组合和3新等级。     

Species relationship in the Pennisetum gene pool: enzyme polymorphism

Summary Variation in leaf esterases (EST), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), leucine aminopeptidase (AMP), phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is reported in the Pennisetum gene pool. In the primary gene pool, polymorphism for EST, AMP, SKDH was very high, as compared to the near-monomorphic isozymes of PGD. Two loci controlling leaf esterases Est-1 and Est-2, were identified in the primary gene pool. Differences in allelic frequency distribution of the polymorphic Est-1 locus occur between the cultivated and wild pearl millet. The prevalent alleles of Est-1 are absent in P. purpureum Schumach (secondary gene pool). A monomorphic band of the -esterase-specific Est-2 locus was identified in most of the secondary gene pool accessions, P. squamulatum Fresen and an accession of P. pedicellatum. SKDH and EST revealed differences between most of the tertiary gene pool species. By contrast, a PGD zymogram was prevalent in several species of different sectional taxa. Gene duplication for PGD isozymes occurs in the diploid species, P. ramosum, of the tertiary gene pool. Heterodimers of PGD and EST were observed in the hybrid between pearl millet and P. squamulatum, whereas a monomeric structure characterized SKDH and AMP.     

Mismatch of morphological and molecular identifications in native and invasive subspecies of Codium fragile (Bryopsidophyceae,Chlorophyta)

Several subspecies are defined within Codium fragile, including the invasive C. fragile ssp. fragile, first reported in New Zealand in 1973. An endemic subspecies, C. fragile ssp. novae‐zelandiae, is also found throughout New Zealand. The two subspecies exhibit morphological and molecular variation, although these have never been evaluated together. We compared variation between subspecies at locations in Auckland, identifying subspecies using rps3‐rpl16 DNA sequence data, and assessing gross morphological differences, anatomical utricle characters and morphometrics. The taxonomic utility of the morphometric data sets was assessed by linear discriminant analysis. Utricle characters and measurements varied within individual thalli and between different preservation methods. The phenotypes of both subspecies were highly variable and influenced by environment. Accurate subspecies delimitation using morphological data was not possible; the discriminant analyses performed no better than chance for all combinations of the morphological data. Specimens from New Zealand, Canada, Australia and Ireland were sequenced using both the rps3‐rpl16 and tufA plastid markers. The tufA elongation factor was shown to be a good candidate for differentiating subspecies of C. fragile. This marker is twice the length of the rps3‐rpl16 spacer, shows greater variation between ssp. fragile and novae‐zelandiae, and is less prone to sequencing error. A simple restriction enzyme digest of the tufA amplicon can distinguish ssp. fragile and ssp. novae‐zelandiae. Our study expands the known range of the ssp. fragile in New Zealand, including the first record of this subspecies from the west coast of Auckland, and points to a need to re‐evaluate morphological and molecular criteria for subspecies currently defined within C. fragile.