Effects of cadmium and lead on the accumulation of Ca2+ and K+ and on the influx and translocation of K+ in wheat of low and high K+ status

The effects of cadmium and lead on the internal concentrations of Ca²⁺ and K⁺, as well as on the uptake and translocation of K(⁸⁶Rb⁺) were studied in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. a. MV-8) grown hydroponically at 2 levels of K⁺ (100 uM and 10 mM). Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were applied in the nutrient solution in the range of 0.3 to 1000 u.M. Growth was more severely inhibited by Cd²⁺ and in the high-K⁺ plants as compared to Pb^z+ and low-K⁺ plants. Ions of both heavy metals accumulated in the roots and shoots, but the K⁺ status influenced their levels. Ca²⁺ accumulation was increased by low concentrations of Cd²⁺ mainly in low-K⁺ shoots, whereas it was less influenced by Pb²⁺. The distribution of Cd²⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the plant and in the growth media indicated high selectivity for Cd²⁺ in the root uptake, while Ca²⁺ was preferred in the radial and/or xylem transport. Cd²⁺ strongly inhibited net K⁺ accumulation in high-K⁺ plants but caused stimulation at low K⁺ supply. In contrast, the metabolis-dependent influx of K⁺(⁸⁶Rb⁺) was inhibited in low-K⁺ plants, while the passive influx in high-K⁺ plants was stimulated. Translocation of K⁺ from the roots to the shoots was inhibited by Cd²⁺ but less influenced in Pb²⁺-treated plants. It is concluded that the effects of heavy metals depend upon the K⁺-status of the plants.     

Use of agricultural surpluses for production of biomass by marine microalgae

The marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum was cultivated in semi-continuous culture under mixotrophic conditions with the soluble fractions of potato, rye and wheat flours that had been naturally fermented, at 2% or 4% (w/v). The rye flour produced the highest microalgal cellular density of 90×10⁶ cells.ml^-1 when supplemented with NaNO₃ and NaH₂PO₄. The autotrophic control only gave 57×10⁶ cells.ml^-1. The value of agricultural surpluses, such as rye flour, can therefore be increased by its use in the production of valuable, microalgal biomass which is rich in protein, pigments and fatty acids.     

冬小麦根表面氧化还原活力的研究

证实了两个不同品种的冬小麦根系表面存在着氧化ＮＡＤＨ和还原Ｋ３Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６的氧化的活力。还原铁氰化物活力在ＰＨ５．５到８．５范围内随着ＰＨ值升高而增大,温度在１５℃到４５℃范围内随温度升高还原活力增强,４５℃达最高值,５５℃时活力急剧下降。     

小麦返白系与不同基因型小麦品种杂交后代IPO表达的研究

以小麦返白系和对照矮变１号以及返白系与各不同生态类型的冬性、半冬性、春性小麦的杂交、回交Ｆ１、Ｆ２代为材料,研究这些不同基因型品种在返白期间过氧化物酶同工酶（ＩＰＯ）基因表达模式的动态变化特点。结果表明,在返白期间以返白系为母本的各杂交、回交品种的白化苗中,ＩＰＯ的个别酶分子表现了可逆的基因阻遏和去阻遏的表达现象。这种表达特点在正、反杂交后Ｆ１代中表现一致,从遗传模式上分别属于质－核互作型的分子遗     

三个矮杆小麦的矮生性遗传研究

通过与事国春杂交,利用杂交后代Ｆ２和回交后代ＢＣ１Ｐ１及ＢＣ２Ｐ２,研究了三个小麦新矮杆品系和矮生性遗传特性。结果表明,０００４的矮生性受一对部分显性矮杆基因控制,５７４６和７５３９－各受两对部分显性矮杆基因控制。     

关中小麦品种产量构成因素的相互关系和产量育种目标

对关中地区不同年代及当前大面积推广的小麦品种（系）的产量及其构成因素进行了遗传分析和通径分析。结果表明：陕西关中地区近期小麦品种的产量育种目标的趋势是在提高现有穗粒数的基础上,保持现有的穗数（７００万／ｈｍ＾２）及千粒重（３８ｇ左右）,以求在提高品种产量潜力的同时,保持或增加品种的稳定性能;或是大幅度提高穗粒数（３５粒左右）,适当提高千粒重（４０ｇ左右）,适当降低穗数（６００万／ｈｍ＾２左右）,以     

中国山芹属一新种的研究

运用多学科综合分类手段,研究了山芹不同产地居群的变异,发现分布于我国东北部的各居群与华东居群不但存在地理分布上的间断,而且在外部形态、果实及叶柄解剖、核型组成和生物学特性等方面也存在显著差异,因而华东的山芹各居群应独立出来完成一新种──华东山芹OstericumhuadongensisZ.H.PanetX.H.L。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒1／2型抗体检测酶联免疫试剂盒的研制

采用二聚体合成肽（ＨＩＶ－１ｇｐ４１、ｇｐ１２０、ｐ２４和ＨＩＶ－２ｇｐ３６）包被酶标板条制备成固相抗原,与鼠抗人ＩｇＧ单克隆抗体酶标记物、底物ＴＭＢ及阴阳性参考血清配套制备成ＨＩＶ抗体ＥＩＡ试剂盒,专供检测人血清或血浆ＨＩＶ１／２抗体之用。以荷兰、韩国及万泰试剂作为对照,用该试剂盒对检定所的Ｐａｎｅｌ标准及献血员１５５５０例（其中ＨＣＶ抗体阳性１２８例,ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性４６例）进行检测,四种试剂对检定所Ｐａｎｅｌ标准的１３份阳性血清均呈阳性反应,２８份阴性血清均为阴性;献血员１５５５０例,四种试剂对其中１份血清均呈阳性反应,经Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ试验证实为阴性,四种试剂的阴性检出率均为９９．９９％。连续制备三批试剂经中国药品生物制品检定所检定,所检项目全部合格;同时委托检定所进行临床考核,４７份阳性血清全部呈阳性反应,１５０份阴性血清全部为阴性。说明该试剂盒具有很好的敏感性和特异性。     

RFLP patterns of gliadin alleles in Triticum aestivum L.: implications for analysis of the organization and evolution of complex loci

A correspondence between RFLP patterns and gliadin alleles at the Gli-1 and Gli-2 loci was established in a set of 70 common wheat (T.aestivum L.) cultivars using -gliadin (K32) and -gliadin (pTU1) specific probes. All Gli-B1 and Gli-D1 alleles which differed in encoded -gliadins showed definite RFLP patterns after hybridization with the K32 probe. Two groups of Gli-B1 alleles, Gli-B1b-like and Gli-B1e-like, were identified, and these could originate from distinct genotypes of the presumptive donor of the B-genome. Intralocus recombination and/or gene conversion as well as small deletions, gene silencing and gene amplification were assumed to be responsible for the origin of new gliadin alleles. Silent -gliadin sequences were shown to exist in all of the genotypes studied. K32 also differentiated Gli-A1a from all other Gli-A1 alleles as well as the Gli-B11 allele in cultivars carrying the 1B/1R (wheat/rye) translocation. PTU1 was shown to recognize several Gli-A2 alleles, but not the Gli-B2 or Gli-D2 alleles. Moreover, this probe hybridized to chromosome 1R sequences suggesting the existence of rye gene(s), probably silent, for -gliadin-like proteins on chromosome 1R.     

Genetic variation at storage protein-coding loci of common wheat (cv ‘Chinese Spring’) induced by nitrosoethylurea and by the cultivation of immature embryos in vitro

Electrophoretic patterns of seed storage proteins, the high-molecular-weight glutenins and gliadins, were studied in 468 plants of the common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring regenerated from callus culture of immature embryos, in 115 plants grown from seeds treated with nitrosoethylurea and in 260 control plants. From 5 to 21 single grains were analysed from each plant. In these three groups, the frequency of inherited mutations causing the loss of all proteins controlled by a locus (null-mutations, probably caused by a chromosomal deficiency) was 0.69%, 2.07%, and 0.05% per locus (the differences were statistically significant), respectively, while that of mutations causing the loss of a single protein band was 0.11%, 0.33%, and 0.05%, respectively. The loss of all of the gliadins controlled by Gli-B1 or GH-B2 (mutations were probably caused by a deletion of satellites of the corresponding chromosomes), was significantly higher than the loss of gliadins controlled by genomes A and D. Gene mutations altering the electrophoretic mobility of a single protein band in the pattern were found only in the second group of plants (0.44%). Therefore, chemical mutagenesis which produced not only more mutations than cultivation of immature wheat embryos in vitro, but also a higher ratio of mutations that altered DNA sequences, can be considered as an easier and comparatively more promising way for obtaining new improved variants of loci controlling biochemical characteristics in wheat. Somaclonal variation, on the other hand, was probably mainly caused by chromosomal abnormalities and could therefore hardly be considered as a useful tool in wheat breeding.