全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1853篇 |
免费 | 54篇 |
国内免费 | 34篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 13篇 |
2021年 | 18篇 |
2020年 | 16篇 |
2019年 | 31篇 |
2018年 | 17篇 |
2017年 | 19篇 |
2016年 | 23篇 |
2015年 | 21篇 |
2014年 | 28篇 |
2013年 | 58篇 |
2012年 | 17篇 |
2011年 | 34篇 |
2010年 | 25篇 |
2009年 | 61篇 |
2008年 | 60篇 |
2007年 | 85篇 |
2006年 | 58篇 |
2005年 | 65篇 |
2004年 | 61篇 |
2003年 | 59篇 |
2002年 | 69篇 |
2001年 | 51篇 |
2000年 | 39篇 |
1999年 | 44篇 |
1998年 | 35篇 |
1997年 | 53篇 |
1996年 | 39篇 |
1995年 | 46篇 |
1994年 | 55篇 |
1993年 | 59篇 |
1992年 | 45篇 |
1991年 | 47篇 |
1990年 | 30篇 |
1989年 | 63篇 |
1988年 | 39篇 |
1987年 | 37篇 |
1986年 | 26篇 |
1985年 | 53篇 |
1984年 | 50篇 |
1983年 | 31篇 |
1982年 | 24篇 |
1981年 | 46篇 |
1980年 | 32篇 |
1979年 | 48篇 |
1978年 | 22篇 |
1977年 | 25篇 |
1976年 | 21篇 |
1974年 | 9篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有1941条查询结果,搜索用时 984 毫秒
111.
Carol J. Maslansky Gary M. Williams 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1982,18(8):683-693
Summary Hepatocyte primary cultures (HPC) derived from rat, mouse, hamster, and rabbit liver were characterized for a variety of parameters.
The conditions that maximized recovery, attachment, and survival varied between species. Hepatocytes from all four species
were capable of attaching in serum-free Williams’ medium E (WME), but optimal attachment as monolayer cultures was achieved
for mouse and hamster HPC in medium receiving 1% calf serum supplementation. Hamster hepatocytes required additional cations,
whereas rabbit and rat hepatocytes displayed maximal attachment in medium supplemented with 10% calf serum. Survival of mouse
and rabbit hepatocytes after 24 h in serum supplemented media was in the order of 90%. Rat and hamster hepatocyte 24 h survival
was approximately 70 and 60%, respectively, and was not significantly affected by serum supplementation. Hepatocytes from
each species varied in their content of cytochromeP450 at the time of isolation and in the rate of reduction during culture. Mouse and rat hepatocytes demonstrated the most
rapid decline in content during the initial 24 h in culture, whereas concentrations in rabbit hepatocytes were virtually unchanged.
The rate of decline inP450 concentrations in hamster hepatocytes was intermediate between those displayed by rat and rabbit hepatocytes. These studies
have delineated conditions useful for the culture of hepatocytes from four species and have documented the status of an important
parameter of their functional capability.
This study was supported by EPA contract 68-01-6179. C. J. Maslansky was a recipient of a Monsanto Fund Fellowship in Toxicology. 相似文献
112.
Charles A. Tyson Carol E. Green Susanna E. LeValley Robert J. Stephens 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1982,18(11):945-951
Summary Hepatocytes from livers of rats loaded by Fe-dextran treatment were isolated by an in situ collagenase perfusion technique
and evaluated for their biochemical, cytochemical, and morphological characteristics in cell culture. Iron loads 15 times
higher than in normal rat liver cells isolated in the same way were retained in the preparations with 40% present as hemosiderin.
A simple centrifugation-mathematical approach is described for the calculation of Fe content in the hepatocyte (95%) and reticuloendothelial
(5%) fractions in the isolates. The cells were cultured for 22 h without loss of protein synthesis capability or significant
changes in cell count, viability, endogenous glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) or Fe and were morphologically similar
in most respects to unloaded (normal) hepatocytes similarly cultured. Studies are in progress to assess the utility of these
preparations as a model for Fe mobilization from Fe-loaded animals.
This work is supported by National Institutes of Health Grants AM 25647-03 (M. Dawson, Principal Investigator) and GM 28158-01
(C. Tyson, Principal Investigator). The technical assistance of Mr. Jack E. Dabbs, Mr. Charles Hart, and Mr. Randy Douglas
is acknowledged. 相似文献
113.
Edward P. Glenn 《Physiologia plantarum》1981,52(1):59-64
The effect of 300 μ M arginine on growth of sugarcane cell suspensions was studied. Cells transferred to defined media in the stationary growth stage showed a greater requirement for exogenous arginine than cells similarly transferred in the rapidly dividing stage. Cell arginine levels, rates of arginine synthesis, and enzymes of arginine synthesis all decreased in cells entering the stationary stage. It is concluded that stationary stage cells are deficient in their ability to synthesize arginine and are therefore dependent upon an exogenous supply to resume growth in fresh media. 相似文献
114.
Serially propagated Cinchona ledgeriana and C. succirubra (Rubiaceae) leaf, root and unorganized suspension cultures established from germinated seeds were studied for quinine and quinidine production. Leaf organ cultures were grown and subcultured in Murashige and Skoog's Revised Tobacco Medium supplemented with benzyladenine; root organ cultures were grown on the same medium supplemented with indolebutyric acid; and unorganized suspension cultures were grown on the same medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and benzyladenine. On a dry weight basis, leaf organ cultures of C. ledgeriana contained 0.06 % quinine and 0.05 % quinidine and of C. succirubra contained 0.04 % quinine and 0.04 % quinidine. No quinine and quinidine were detected in either root organ or unorganized suspension cultures. 相似文献
115.
Summary Embryogenic pollen were selectively isolated from buds after cold treatment at 10 °C for 10 days; it was immaterial whether the buds were taken from short day and low temperature (SD and LT; 8 hours light, 18 °C) or long day and high temperature (LD and HT; 16 hours light, 24 °C) plants. However, in buds from SD and LT plants the differentiation of embryogenic pollen could be detected as early as 7 days after the cold treatment, and pollen from these plants formed embryos at higher frequency (up to 4% of cultured pollen) than those from LD and HT plants (up to 1% only).The embryogenic pollen, in isolated buds, differentiated by way of pollen dimorphism. During cold treatment a fraction of pollen remained small, retained clear cytoplasm and was capable of embryogenesis in comparison to gametophytic pollen which enlarged and acquired granular cytoplasm. In our experiments cold treatment was a key factor in the induction of pollen dimorphism. This aspect of cold treatment in pollen embryogenesis is reported for the first time and was possible on the basis of selection of embryogenic pollen by density gradient centrifugation. The ratio of embryogenic pollen was about one fifth of the total population.The nutritional requirements of isolated pollen for embryogenesis were rather simple. These pollen formed embryos which readily developed into plantlets on a mineral medium supplemented with sucrose provided the pH was 6.8. 相似文献
116.
Su-Chin C. Liu Mary J. Eaton Marvin A. Karasek 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1979,15(10):813-822
Summary Using gels of acid-soluble, collagen as a culture surface, trypsin-released keartinocytes from 0.1-mm, split-thickness sections
of newborn foreskin may be plated with high efficiency and subcultured at a 1∶5 split a 2- to 3-week intervals for three subpassages.
When plated at a density of 3.2×104 cells per cm2, keratinocytes attach to the gel with an efficiency of over 70%; after a lag phase of 3 days, the cells multiply exponentially
with a doubling time of 60 hr. Cultures reach a growth-plateau phase at a density of 47.7×104 cells per cm2. Both hydrocortisone and epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulate slightly the growth of primary cultures; both factors are
required for proliferation of the 2nd and further passage of keratinocytes. As the cultures reach, confluence multilayers,
of stratified cells are formed and cells of squamous morphology are spontaneously released from the surface. When the released
cells and the attached cells are pulsed with [3H]-histidine and [14C]-leucine, a higher ratio of histidine to leucine is observed in the released cells indicating the biochemical onset of maturation.
Orange G-Aniline Blue staining of the released cells show some of the cells to be completely keratinized. Fibrous proteins
extracted from the cultured cells and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis display the characteristic
stratum corneum proteins of 60,000 and 66,000 daltons.
Supported in part by Grants AM 14121 and AM 19595 of the U.S. Public Health Service. 相似文献
117.
Lucian J. Cuprak Carol J. Lammi Janet I. Crane 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1979,15(11):900-909
Summary An improved basal medium is presented that requires only minimal supplementation with dialyzed fetal bovine serum or bovine
serum albumin and fetuin to be comparable to Ham's F-10, which requires 15% horse serum (HS) and 2.5% fetal bovine serum (FBS)
for the growth and function of Y-1, mouse adrenal cortex tumor, cells. Cell monolayers maintained for up to 2 weeks without
any protein supplementation have retained their steroid response to ACTH. The medium differs from Ham's F-10 in its buffer
composition and higher calcium-ion concentration. This medium should be a useful adjunct to studies pertaining to steroid
and lipid intermediary metabolism, the retention of a specialized physiological function in a chemically defined medium, and
the mechanism of hormonal response.
Supported by the Medical Research Service of the Veterans Administration. 相似文献
118.
Analysis of Dioscorea deltoidea tissue cultures grown in the presence of 2,4-D, indole-3-butyric acid, isopentenyladenine, benzyladenine and GA singly and in combination showed that the medium with 2,4-D most consistently favored diosgenin production. GA and high benzyladenine concentrations were toxic. 相似文献
119.
Catabolism of flavonol glucosides was investigated in plant cell suspension cultures using kaempferol 3-O-β-d-glucoside and kaempferol 7-O-β-d-glucoside labelled with 14C either in the glucose or in the flavonol moiety. Catabolic rates of glucosides were compared with those of free glucose and kaempferol. All substrates were degraded efficiently by cell cultures of mungbean, soybean, garbanzo bean and parsley. Based on 14CO2-formation, glucose from position 3 of kaempferol is 3–5 times more rapidly metabolized than that from position 7. The flavonol nucleus from both isomers is, however, oxidized to the same extent with a considerable portion of the flavonol being incorporated into insoluble polymeric cell material. 相似文献
120.
The synthesis of cartilage collagen by rabbit and human chondrocytes in primary cell culture 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Fred H. Schindler Marsha A. Ose Michael Solursh 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1976,12(1):44-47
Summary This report describes a method for preparing primary cell cultures of differentiated rabbit sternal and human vertebral cartilage
cells. These cell cultures were shown to synthesize primarily α1 chains, which is taken to mean that at least 82% of the collagen
produced is cartilage specific collagen (type II).
This work was supported in part by grant HD-05505 from NIH. 相似文献