苹果果实韧皮部及其周围薄壁细胞的超微结构观察和功能分析

利用透射电镜技术,对发育过程中的苹果（Ｍａｌｕｓ ｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃａ Ｂｏｒｋｈ）果实韧皮部及其周围薄壁细胞的超微结构进行了观察研究。结果表明,在主脉和细脉的筛分子（ＳＥ）和伴胞（ＣＣ）之间存在胞间连丝,胞间连丝在筛分子一侧是单通道,在伴胞一侧呈多分枝通道。在细脉中筛分子小,伴胞大,在主脉中则是筛分子大,伴胞小。伴胞内胞质和核质稠密,富含线粒体、内质网和高尔基体,液泡内往往呈现多膜包被的囊泡结构,     

Fruit body formation ofBoletus reticulatus in pure culture

The ectomycorrhyzal fungusBoletus reticulatus formed young fruit bodies in pure culture on liquid and solid media. Primordia formation started 31–32 d after inoculation on liquid medium. The primordia developed into the young fruit bodies with convex pileus and clavate stipe 44 d after inoculation on liquid medium. The ability of this fungus to form fruit bodies declined at one and half years after isolation. Sufficient nutrient in medium is required for the fungus to form mature fruit bodies in pure culture.     

无籽枇杷研究初报

利用冻害果实、生长调节剂诱导、多倍体品种等进行无籽枇杷生产试验,结果表明,生长调节剂诱导及利用多倍体品种是生产无籽枇杷果实的较佳方法。     

豚草叶片和果实气体交换特性与11种土壤重金属相关性

对10个样地中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Cr、Co、Ni、Cd、As、Sb和 Hg 11种土壤重金属含量及样地内豚草叶片和果实气体交换特性进行测定.结果表明,样地内豚草叶片的净光合速率在1.88～9.41 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,而果实的净光合速率最高可达2.81 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.叶片的呼吸速率、气孔导度、光合速率和水分利用效率的平均值分别为1.81 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、75.7 mmol·m^-2·s^-1、6.05 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和4.72 μmol·mmol^-1,分别是果实的5.26、0.64、1.31和1.69倍,说明非同化器官幼嫩果实具有与叶片相当,甚至更强的呼吸、光合能力和水分利用效率;研究地点重金属Ni达到轻微污染水平,其它重金属含量都接近或者显著低于重金属污染的阈值.相关分析和多元回归分析显示,大部分土壤重金属（如Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Sb和Hg）含量的高低对豚草气体交换特性没有显著影响,仅部分重金属含量与豚草的叶片、果实气体交换特性密切相关,如Ni和Cr对豚草叶片、果实的气孔导度及水分利用效率显著相关;Cr与豚草叶片饱和光合速率显著相关;而As与豚草果实的气孔导度显著相关.表明大部分土壤重金属对叶片和球果的气体交换没有直接影响,而Ni、Cr和As可以在轻微污染甚至没有达到污染水平时影响豚草的气体交换特性.     

红肉蜜柚与琯溪蜜柚亲缘关系初探

红肉蜜柚系选育于琯溪蜜柚园中的优变株系,其果实成熟期、汁胞呈色显著不同于琯溪蜜柚,而其它生物学特性则与琯溪蜜柚难于区别;两者混栽或人工授粉均表现不亲和性,而授两者以外品种花粉,果实均能形成大量发育或发育不完全的种子,同时,两者花粉形态特征相似;ITS-PCR扩增片段大小一致、条带单一,进一步证实两者亲缘关系相近,不存在种间、近缘属间差异。由此推测,红肉蜜柚源自琯溪蜜柚芽变。     

大山示范区经果林复合经营模式及其生态和经济效益分析

运用生态学和经济学理论,对大山村经果林的主要经营模式进行调查研究.结果表明,柑桔(9年生)-茶叶,柿(5年生)-马铃薯-西瓜,梨(7年生)-马铃薯-大豆,梨(7年生)-桔梗,具有明显的生态、经济和社会效益.纯收益分别达8 700.00、12 351.00、12 337.50和22 500.00元·hm^-2,均高于仅种农作物.林内郁闭度0.3～0.4,光能利用率比纯林提高了20%～30%.     

Conventional wisdom on roosting behavior of Australian flying‐foxes—A critical review,and evaluation using new data

1. Fruit bats (Family: Pteropodidae) are animals of great ecological and economic importance, yet their populations are threatened by ongoing habitat loss and human persecution. A lack of ecological knowledge for the vast majority of Pteropodid species presents additional challenges for their conservation and management.
2. In Australia, populations of flying‐fox species (Genus: Pteropus) are declining and management approaches are highly contentious. Australian flying‐fox roosts are exposed to management regimes involving habitat modification, through human–wildlife conflict management policies, or vegetation restoration programs. Details on the fine‐scale roosting ecology of flying‐foxes are not sufficiently known to provide evidence‐based guidance for these regimes, and the impact on flying‐foxes of these habitat modifications is poorly understood.
3. We seek to identify and test commonly held understandings about the roosting ecology of Australian flying‐foxes to inform practical recommendations and guide and refine management practices at flying‐fox roosts.
4. We identify 31 statements relevant to understanding of flying‐fox roosting structure and synthesize these in the context of existing literature. We then contribute a contemporary, fine‐scale dataset on within‐roost structure to further evaluate 11 of these statements. The new dataset encompasses 13‐monthly repeat measures from 2,522 spatially referenced roost trees across eight sites in southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales.
5. We show evidence of sympatry and indirect competition between species, including spatial segregation of black and grey‐headed flying‐foxes within roosts and seasonal displacement of both species by little red flying‐foxes. We demonstrate roost‐specific annual trends in occupancy and abundance and provide updated demographic information including the spatial and temporal distributions of males and females within roosts.
6. Insights from our systematic and quantitative study will be important to guide evidence‐based recommendations on restoration and management and will be crucial for the implementation of priority recovery actions for the preservation of these species in the future.

     

Improvement of protein bait produced from beer yeast waste for controlling Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China

In the present study, preservatives and antibiotics were applied in a variety of doses to assess their effects on the beer waste-based protein bait, a product widely used to control populations of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Screening was performed using the inhibition zone method against the dominant bacteria in deteriorated protein bait. Additionally, the attractiveness of the bait was assessed after respectively adding different doses of methyl eugenol, brown sugar solution, ammonium acetate, and guava essence, as determined by bio-cage tests. The results showed that the four selected preservatives had different inhibition effects at different dose levels, and that the level of inhibition increased with dose: at the highest dose of 1:1 (v:v), sodium benzoate can significantly inhibit Staphylococcus spp., potassium sorbate can significantly inhibit Lactobacillus spp., sodium nitrite can significantly inhibit Escherichia spp. and ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate can significantly inhibit Staphylococcus spp. and Xanthomonas spp. Among three antibiotics, kanamycin was the most effective in suppressing a mix of all four bacteria for all tested doses. In terms of lure performance, the addition of four substances in various ratios into the protein bait were found to have varying effects on its attractiveness to B. dorsalis females and males. Specifically, the addition of a high-dose of guava essence could significantly enhance the attractiveness of the bait. Our findings will help to enhance the effectiveness of protein bait applications by prolonging the quality guarantee period and improving its attractiveness toward both female and male B. dorsalis.