豆科作物-小麦轮作方式下旱地小麦花后干物质及养分累积、转移与产量的关系

研究旱作条件下豆科绿肥轮作影响旱地小麦产量变化的作物营养生态机制,对优化旱地作物种植施肥制度,促进水分资源高效利用、土壤培肥、作物增产有重要意义。通过两年定位试验,分析了与不同豆科作物轮作引起的后茬小麦产量变化及其与干物质、氮磷钾养分累积、转移的关系。结果表明:与秋豆轮作的第一季,小麦籽粒产量无显著变化,但第二季小麦产量提高23.4%;与绿豆轮作,两季产量分别降低19.2%和4.4%;与大豆轮作,产量无显著变化。与秋豆轮作增加了小麦花后干物质及氮、磷养分累积,和对照相比分别增加了35.1%,128.8%和14.0%,而与大豆和绿豆轮作花后干物质累积分别降低26.7%和17.0%,花后氮累积分别降低44.2%和24.4%,花后磷累积与对照相比无显著差异。与此对应,秋豆-小麦轮作,其后茬小麦花后干物质及养分累积对产量形成的贡献显著增加,茎叶花前累积氮、磷向籽粒的转移对产量的贡献明显小于大豆-小麦和绿豆-小麦轮作处理。与氮、磷不同,小麦茎叶花前累积钾素向籽粒转移的同时,花后植株钾素没有累积,反而明显损失,其中与秋豆轮作的小麦花后植株钾素损失量较小,为3.8 kg/hm2,籽粒钾素占转移钾的81.0%;休闲或与大豆、绿豆轮作的小麦花后植株钾素损失较多,分别为10.9,12.6和5.5kg/hm2,籽粒钾素占转移钾的52.9%,52.9%和66.8%。与秋豆-小麦轮作处理小麦增产的主要原因是花后植株能累积更多干物质和氮、磷养分,减少了花前累积于茎叶的钾素在花后的损失。     

Drainage Size, Stream Intermittency, and Ecosystem Function in a Sonoran Desert Landscape

Understanding the interactions between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems remains an important research focus in ecology. In arid landscapes, catchments are drained by a channel continuum that represents a potentially important driver of ecological pattern and process in the surrounding terrestrial environment. To better understand the role of drainage networks in arid landscapes, we determined how stream size influences the structure and productivity of riparian vegetation, and the accumulation of organic matter (OM) in soils beneath plants in an upper Sonoran Desert basin. Canopy volume of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina), as well as overall plant cover, increased along lateral upland–riparian gradients, and among riparian zones adjacent to increasingly larger streams. Foliar δ¹³C signatures for P. velutina suggested that landscape patterns in vegetation structure reflect increases in water availability along this arid stream continuum. Leaf litter and annual grass biomass production both increased with canopy volume, and total aboveground litter production ranged from 137 g m⁻² y⁻¹ in upland habitat to 446 g m⁻² y⁻¹ in the riparian zone of the perennial stream. OM accumulation in soils beneath P. velutina increased with canopy volume across a broad range of drainage sizes; however, in the riparian zone of larger streams, flooding further modified patterns of OM storage. Drainage networks represent important determinants of vegetation structure and function in upper Sonoran Desert basins, and the extent to which streams act as sources of plant-available water and/or agents of fluvial disturbance has implications for material storage in arid soils.     

大气CO2浓度升高对土壤碳库稳定性的影响

工业革命以来,大气CO₂浓度持续上升,升高的CO₂浓度会改变植物光合产物积累、土壤碳库的碳输入和碳输出过程,进而通过影响有机碳组成和周转特征来调控土壤碳库动态变化。土壤碳库是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分,其碳储量的微小变化都会对大气CO₂浓度和气候变化产生巨大影响。但目前关于CO₂浓度升高对土壤碳库动态和稳定性的影响还不清楚,很大程度上限制了预测陆地生态系统碳循环对气候变化的反馈。系统综述国内外大气CO₂浓度升高对植被生产力、植被碳输入和土壤碳库影响的研究进展,旨在揭示土壤碳库物理、化学组成以及周转特征对CO₂浓度升高的响应过程和机理,探讨CO₂升高情境下土壤微生物特征对土壤碳库稳定性的影响和驱动机制,为深入理解全球变化下的土壤碳循环特征提供理论支撑。     

The effect of agricultural practices on the development of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. II. Studies in experimental microcosms

Two glasshouse experiments were performed to assess the development and metabolic activity of mycorrhizas formed by isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from three different genera, Acaulospora, Gigaspora and Glomus on Desmodium ovalifolium L. plants. In the first experiment the effect of disturbance of a pre-established extra-radical mycelium (ERM) was studied. In the second experiment the effect of phosphate addition as either organic matter (OM) or fertiliser was studied. Disturbance of a pre-established ERM reduced the formation of mycorrhizas by Gigaspora rosea (BEG111) and increased that by Glomus manihotis (BEG112) on D. ovalifolium plants. Acaulospora tuberculata (BEG41) failed to form mycorrhizas in the experiment. Either Gi. rosea (BEG111) or G. manihotis (BEG112) appeared to be the major component of the colonisation resulting from treatments with combinations of two or three of the AMF and determined the sensitivity of these treatments to disturbance of a pre-established ERM. The addition of phosphate fertiliser (10 mg P kg^-1) reduced mycorrhiza formation by each species of AMF compared with the addition of OM (10 mg P kg^-1). This work indicates that AMF from different genera respond differently to management by agricultural practices when in association with a tropical legume. Clearly, there is potential to alter the formation of mycorrhizas of AMF from different genera, through the use of agricultural practices. The significance of the development and metabolic activity of mycorrhizas formed by AMF from different genera for plant growth is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Analytical studies on the responses of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) to various defoliation treatments

The effects of defoliation treatments on plant growth in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were studied in the field. Four defoliation treatments, 0 (control), 37.4, 56.1 and 93.4% of the total leaf dry weight, were applied to plants that had small third leaves. Decreased leaf weight/whole plant weight (F/W) ratios in defoliated plants rapidly recovered to almost the same ratio as that observed in the control within 12 to 16 days after defoliation according to the degree of defoliation. The mechanism involved in the recovery of the F/W ratio in defoliated plants mainly consisted of three parameters: enhancement of (1) carbon distribution ratios in the leaves, (2) photosynthetic activity in the remaining leaves, and (3) retranslocation of carbon from the stem and/or roots to leaves. Inhibitive effects of defoliation on relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were seen at an early stage, but subsequently both rates became larger in defoliated plants than in controls. Defoliated plants tended to show rapid development and expansion of new leaves, and to show increased specific leaf area and protein synthesis in individual leaves. The sugar content of leaves in defoliated plants was higher than that in controls, while the content in both stem and roots was lower. These responses seem to be advantageous for development of the photosynthetic system. Heights of defoliated plants were clearly depressed according to the degree of defoliation, and this was attributed largely to differences in the elongation rates of the internodes resulting from defoliation.     

Angiotensinogen promoter and angiotensinogen II receptor type 1 gene polymorphisms and incidence of ischemic stroke and neurologic phenotype in Fabry disease

Abstract

Context: Stroke and/or white matter lesions (WMLs) are significant in Fabry disease. Polymorphisms of angiotensinogen (AGT), AGT Promoter and angiotensinogen II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) are correlated with WMLs.

Objectives: We compared AGT. AGT Promoter and AGTR1 genotypes to stroke incidence, Fabry-specific [Mainz Severity Score Index (MSSI)] severity score, and neurologic sub-score (n-MSSI).

Methods: Sixty-three Fabry patients and 49 matched controls plus historic controls were genotyped. Institutional Review Board approval was received.

Results. C and/or CC alleles of AGT Promoter and AGTR1 were significantly correlated with stroke and n-MSSI.

Discussion/conclusion: Findings are suggestive of role of AGT Promoter and AGTR1 genotypes in Fabry phenotypes.     

Accelerated organic matter decomposition in thermokarst lakes upon carbon and phosphorus inputs

Mineralization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in thermokarst lakes plays a non-negligible role in the permafrost carbon (C) cycle, but remains poorly understood due to its complex interactions with external C and nutrient inputs (i.e., aquatic priming and nutrient effects). Based on large-scale lake sampling and laboratory incubations, in combination with ¹³C-stable-isotope labeling, optical spectroscopy, and high-throughput sequencing, we examined large-scale patterns and dominant drivers of priming and nutrient effects of DOM biodegradation across 30 thermokarst lakes along a 1100-km transect on the Tibetan Plateau. We observed that labile C and phosphorus (P) rather than nitrogen (N) inputs stimulated DOM biodegradation, with the priming and P effects being 172% and 451% over unamended control, respectively. We also detected significant interactive effects of labile C and nutrient supply on DOM biodegradation, with the combined labile C and nutrient additions inducing stronger microbial mineralization than C or nutrient treatment alone, illustrating that microbial activity in alpine thermokarst lakes is co-limited by both C and nutrients. We further found that the aquatic priming was mainly driven by DOM quality, with the priming intensity increasing with DOM recalcitrance, reflecting the limitation of external C as energy sources for microbial activity. Greater priming intensity was also associated with higher community-level ribosomal RNA gene operon (rrn) copy number and bacterial diversity as well as increased background soluble reactive P concentration. In contrast, the P effect decreased with DOM recalcitrance as well as with background soluble reactive P and ammonium concentrations, revealing the declining importance of P availability in mediating DOM biodegradation with enhanced C limitation but reduced nutrient limitation. Overall, the stimulation of external C and P inputs on DOM biodegradation in thermokarst lakes would amplify C-climate feedback in this alpine permafrost region.     

NO3/NH4 ratios affect the growth and N removal ability of Acorus calamus and Iris pseudacorus in a hydroponic system

Sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) and yellow flag (Iris pseudacorus L.) have been used increasingly in constructed wetlands (CWs) for treatment of eutrophic wastewater. In order to properly match plant species with the type of wastewater being treated, it is important to know the performance of plant species under different NO₃⁻/NH₄⁺ ratios. We investigated dry matter (DW) production and N content of A. calamus and I. pseudacorus under five NO₃⁻/NH₄⁺ ratios (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100) in a hydroponic system. Results showed that the two species exhibited different preferences for NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺. Total DW, shoot DW, and N content were greater with NO₃⁻/NH₄⁺ ratios of 50/50 and 75/25 than otherwise for A. calamus, but these parameters were only higher under the sole NO₃⁻ treatment in I. pseudacorus. We conclude that A. calamus could be best used for treating wastewater in constructed wetlands with NO₃⁻/NH₄⁺ ratios between 50/50 and 75/25, while I. pseudacorus for treating wastewater with NO₃⁻ only to achieve the highest biomass production and efficiency in the removal of N.     

A comparison of soil climate and biological activity along an elevation gradient in the eastern Mojave Desert

Summary Soil temperature, moisture, and CO₂ were monitored at four sites along an elevation transect in the eastern Mojave Desert from January to October, 1987. Climate appeared to be the major factor controlling CO₂ partial pressures, primarily through its influence of rates of biological reactions, vegetation densities, and organic matter production. With increasing elevation, and increasing actual evapotranspiration, the organic C, plant density, and the CO₂ content of the soils increased. Between January and May, soil CO₂ concentrations at a given site were closely related to variations in soil temperature. In July and October, temperatures had little effect on CO₂, presumably due to low soil moisture levels. Up to 75% of litter placed in the field in March was lost by October whereas, for the 3 lower elevations, less than 10% of the litter placed in the field in April was lost through decomposition processes.     

Intraspecific Functional Trait Variation in a Tree Species (Lithocarpus dealbatus) along Latitude

We quantied intraspecic variation and covariation of leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf dry matter concentration (LD), leaf frost sensitivity (LFS) and Fv/Fm of leaves of 8 Lithocarpus dealbatus populations across the geographical distribution from north to south to determine the magnitude and whether it is related to environmental conditions, latitude and mean annual temperature. The results showed that the total variation (coefcient of variation) of LMA, LD, LFS and Fv/Fm were 160%, 177%, 211% and 401% respectively. The total intraspecic variation was contributed by the difference among populations, individuals and leaves. The difference among populations accounted for the largest total variation in LMA, LD and Fv/Fm, whereas the difference among leaves accounted for the largest total variation in LFS. On population level, LMA was significantly positive related to the latitude and Fv/Fm was significantly negative, but LD and LFS were not related to the latitude. LMA decreased while Fv/Fm increased significantly with the increase of mean annual temperature. LD was a downward quadratic variation, and LFS was upward with the increase of mean annual temperature. The principal component analysis of four functional traits showed that no population was located nearer to the origin of the first and second principal component, and populations at the edge of distribution area located at both sides of the first principal component axis. The results suggested that the environmental variation in the distribution could cause intraspecic variation of functional traits. There is no population could represent a species in functional traits. When an average trait value for species is considered and trait comparisons are done among species, intraspecific variation of traits could not be ignored.