Cold tolerance and cold hardening strategy of the Japanese pine sawyer Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

The Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus , is an important pine forest pest and vector transmitting the pine wilt nematode that causes pine wilt disease. Low temperatures in autumn, winter and spring often differentially affect mortality of M. alternatus larvae. In this paper, we mainly compared the differences of mortality and cold hardening of larvae from different seasons, based on supercooling point (SCP) and cumulative probability of individuals freezing (CPIF). The cold hardening of the larvae from autumn, winter and spring seasons were largely different. Correlations between mortality and CPIF of autumn and spring larvae were highest on day 1/4, and gradually decreased with prolonged exposure duration. This beetle's death mainly resulted from freezing in short exposure duration. However, the correlation between mortality and CPIF of winter larvae increased gradually with the prolonged exposure duration. Death did not mainly result from freezing in long exposure duration. Autumn larvae are more susceptible and adaptable than winter and spring larvae. Winter larvae have a slight freeze-tolerance trend. Our research showed that M. alternatus came into complex cold-hardening strategies under natural selection. Freeze avoidance is the primary strategy; with prolonged exposure duration to above SCP or < 0 °C, chill tolerance is more important; this is followed by freeze tolerance during harsh winters.     

Metabolism and cold tolerance of Chinese white pine beetle Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) during the overwintering period

相似文献   

Geographical variation in egg cold hardiness: a study on the adaptation strategies of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria L.

Abstract. 1. For many species of insect, cold hardiness is an important trait that enables a population to develop in the next season and to extend its range. To elucidate the role of cold hardiness of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria L. in its outbreak and distribution areas, egg cold hardiness was examined in locusts derived from four locations from latitude 18°23'N to latitude 41°10'N in eastern China.
2. The supercooling points of eggs from different geographic populations did not differ significantly for the first development stage, with an average ± SE of −24.5 ± 0.51 °C, or for the second stage, −22.06 ± 0.68 °C, however there was a significant difference for the embryonic development phase among the four geographical populations. The egg supercooling point increased gradually from neonatal egg to old egg; eggs prior to hatching always had a much higher supercooling point.
3. Comparisons of the cold hardiness of four populations were carried out by validating the close correlation between latitude and the effects of cold on hatching, low lethal temperature (Ltemp₅₀), and low lethal time (Ltime₅₀). There were significant differences among the four populations; the northern population was more cold hardy than the southern population, and the two mid-latitude populations were intermediately cold hardy.
4. The cold hardiness of all populations was enhanced to various degrees by short-term cold acclimation at 0 °C and 5 °C. For most populations, a 2-day acclimation period seemed to be optimal.     

福寿螺的过冷却研究

福寿螺是IUCN认定的世界100种恶性外来入侵物种之一,在华南地区已对水稻生产造成严重危害。福寿螺属于热带软体动物,采用万用电表联接热敏电阻法研究了福寿螺在低温胁迫下的过冷却点,并探讨了不同个体福寿螺在过冷却发生后的死亡率和体内组织损伤。结果表明: 1)各种螺高的福寿螺冷却点均值为-6.96 ℃,范围在-6.21--7.32 ℃之间,恢复最高体温均值为-4.07 ℃,范围在-3.07--4.93 ℃之间,过冷却后维持时间均值为45.97 min,范围在18.60-75.34 min;2)福寿螺的过冷却点大小受螺高影响,螺高35 mm≤H<45 mm的福寿螺过冷却点显著高于5 mm≤H<15 mm、15 mm≤H<25 mm、25 mm≤H<35 mm体型的福寿螺,5-35 mm螺高的福寿螺过冷却点变化稳定;3)福寿螺在发生过冷却阶段的死亡率在23.33%-36.67%之间,不同体型的福寿螺之间没有显著性差异;4)过冷却后福寿螺死亡率随暴露时间的延长而提高,0到15 min内由20.9%提高到100%,过冷却后暴露时间对福寿螺死亡率影响较大;5)发生过冷却15 min后取出的福寿螺,染色后其外套膜有少量红色出现,而肾部和消化腺部未呈现明显红色,低温胁迫已经对福寿螺组织造成了显著损伤。本研究结果对于进一步探索福寿螺的生态适应性、扩散北界及福寿螺的越冬机制有一定参考价值。     

Influence of soil moisture on egg cold hardiness in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acridiidae)

Abstract.  The present study investigates the influence of environmental moisture on cold hardiness of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria . The water content of locust eggs kept in soil at 30 °C varies according to the moisture content of the substrate. In turn, it can significantly affect the supercooling point of locust eggs (range from −26 to −14.8 °C) and the mortality when exposed to subzero temperatures. Environmental moisture influences the supercooling capacity of eggs and their survival at low temperature. When locust eggs of the same water content are exposed to subzero temperatures under different soil moistures, their mortality varies between short-time exposure and long-time exposure at subzero temperatures. Given a short-time exposure, mortality in wet soil is lower than in dry soil due to the buffering effect of soil water against temperature change. The pattern of egg mortality is reversed after long-time exposure at low temperature, suggesting that inoculative freezing may be an important mortality factor. It is suggested that interactions between soil moisture and low temperature can influence the cold hardiness of locust eggs, and partial dehydration is beneficial to over-wintering eggs of the migratory locust.     

变温贮藏僵蚜对烟蚜茧蜂耐寒能力的影响

为明确变温贮藏以麦二叉蚜为寄主的僵蚜对烟蚜茧蜂耐寒能力的影响,探究其体内的生化物质变化规律,测定了变温处理后羽化的烟蚜茧蜂雌雄成虫过冷却点、结冰点、体内含水量、脂肪、蛋白质和总糖含量的变化.结果表明:与对照(20℃)相比,经4℃22 h/20℃2h和4 ℃ 46 h/20℃2h处理1周后烟蚜茧蜂的耐寒能力显著增强.经变温处理后,烟蚜茧蜂雌雄个体的过冷却点、结冰点均出现不同程度的下降,雌蜂经4℃22 h/20℃2h处理后过冷却点和结冰点最低,分别为-26.38和-25.51 ℃;雄蜂经4 ℃ 46 h/20℃2h处理后过冷却点和结冰点最低,分别为-26.82和-26.38℃.经变温处理后烟蚜茧蜂僵蚜雌雄个体体内糖和蛋白质含量上升而脂肪和体内含水量下降,尤以经4℃22 h/20 ℃ 2 h和4℃46h/20℃2h处理后的变化最为明显.变温可以提高烟蚜茧蜂僵蚜的低温抵抗能力,且其耐寒能力的增加与其体内生化物质含量的变化密切相关.僵蚜经4℃22h/20℃2h和4℃46h/20℃2h贮藏1周后更有利于烟蚜茧蜂的生存和实践应用.     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的耐寒性测定

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa Fisher&LaSalle是一种新入侵的检疫性有害生物,为了明确其对极端低温的耐受性,以了解其适生范围,测定了桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫、蛹、成虫及不同地区、不同寄主条件下雌雄成虫以及广东、广西、海南3省6地越冬幼虫12—3月的过冷却点和冰点。结果表明,不同虫态的过冷却点和冰点由低到高顺序为:蛹<幼虫<成虫。蛹的过冷却点和冰点分别为(-24.93±0.10)℃、(-22.81±0.14)℃,成虫的过冷却点和冰点为(-20.93±0.24)℃和(-17.33±0.27)℃。随着纬度的升高,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的过冷却点和冰点都呈现降低的趋势。海南地区不同寄主桉树枝瘿姬小蜂过冷却点从低到高的顺序排列为:湛-201<小叶桉<广林9号。在12—3月,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的越冬幼虫过冷却点和冰点随着环境温度的升高而升高,以广东广州地区1月份的越冬幼虫过冷却点和冰点为最低,其数值分别为(-25.44±0.17)℃和(-24.04±0.21)℃,个体过冷却点的最低值为-26.9℃。由实验结果可知,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂蛹和幼虫的耐寒力最强,以幼虫和蛹越冬。地区、寄主、温度对其耐寒力均有显著的影响,而且其有向现疫区以北的区域扩散的潜能。     

驯化对始红蝽(Pyrrhocoris apterus)耐寒能力的影响及越冬适应策略

为阐明越冬期间始红蝽应对低温胁迫的耐寒策略及其影响因素,从生理生化水平探讨始红蝽成虫的耐寒能力,逐月测定了12月至翌年3月始红蝽低温驯化前后的过冷却点、低温存活率、LT_(50)以及始红蝽体内耐寒物质含量。结果表明,越冬期间始红蝽自然种群过冷却点最低为(-14.01±0.53)℃,-5、-10℃驯化30min后的始红蝽过冷却点最低降至为(-19.32±0.86)℃、(-25.56±1.09)℃。0℃驯化30min后暴露于-5、-10、-15℃1h的最高存活率依次为100%、39.1%±8.6%、10%;始红蝽自然种群LT_(50)最低为-8.53℃,0℃驯化后降至-9.21℃。越冬期间雌雄始红蝽体内自由水/结合水比值和游离蛋白质含量先下降后上升,12月达到最大值,雌雄分别为144.50±26.22和140.32±21.92,(15.81±0.10)mg/g和(15.47±0.01)mg/g;脂肪、海藻糖和甘油含量先上升后下降,2月达到最大值,雌雄脂肪含量分别为(16.33±0.48)mg/g和(13.15±1.32)mg/g,海藻糖含量分别为(11.98±0.01)mg/g和(10.88±0.02)mg/g,甘油含量分别为(14.74±0.01)mg/g和(15.06±0.03)mg/g。研究证明,低温驯化后始红蝽的过冷却点和LT_(50)明显降低,低温存活率显著提高,越冬期间始红蝽可通过调整体内抗逆物质含量以增强虫体耐寒能力。     

The impact of salinity exposure on survival and temperature tolerance of the Antarctic collembolan Cryptopygus antarcticus

The collembolan Cryptopygus antarcticus Willem is potentially exposed to habitat salinities equal to (or greater than) sea water, as a result of sea spray, drying of littoral habitats, dispersal or temporary entrapment on the surface of sea water, or exposure to localized salt deposits from dense vertebrate populations on terrestrial habitats. To test the impact of this exposure on C. antarcticus, the tolerance of the collembolan to being placed on the surface of sea water and solutions of higher salt concentrations is investigated. The effects of acclimation to exposure to liquids of different salinities [44, 100 and 200 parts per thousand (ppt) sea salt] on cold and heat tolerance, as well as thermal activity thresholds, are also explored. Cryptopygus antarcticus shows > 75% survival after 10 days of exposure to both sea water and 100‐ppt salt, whereas it exhibits significantly lower survival after 5 days (60% survival) and 10 days (40%) of exposure to a 200‐ppt solution. Body water content also decreases after exposure to all salinities, and particularly to the 200‐ppt solution, in which > 50% of body water is lost after 10 days. Acclimation results in greater cold tolerance, although heat tolerance at 33, 35 and 37 °C is either unaltered or reduced. The thermal activity thresholds of C. antarcticus at both high and low temperatures are also negatively affected by saline exposure. The data demonstrate the capacity of C. antarcticus to tolerate periods of exposure to saline conditions, and also show that this exposure can enhance cross‐tolerance to low temperatures. The present study also demonstrates that salinity‐associated stress at moderately low and high temperatures narrows the thermal range of activity, thus reducing the ability of collembolans to forage, develop and reproduce. © 2013 The Royal Entomological Society     

Wind tunnel assays of olfactory responses of femaleRhagoletis pomonella flies to apple volatiles: effect of wind speed and odour release rate

Little is known about how adults of the corn leafhopper,Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott), and its congeners survive subfreezing temperatures at high elevations during the dry winter in Mexico. In the laboratory, duration of survival at −5°C was measured for four MexicanDalbulus species:D. maidis, D. elimatus (Ball),D. gelbus DeLong andD. quinquenotatus DeLong & Nault; and a closely related North American species,Baldulus tripsaci Kramer & Whitcomb. Adult leafhoppers reared under environmental conditions that simulated the beginning of the dry winter season during October in Mexico (‘October-reared’) were at least twice as tolerant of −5°C than adults reared under environmental conditions that simulated the beginning of the wet summer season during June (‘June-reared’).Dalbulus species found primarily at high elevations, such asD. elimatus, were seven times more tolerant of −5°C thanD. quinquenotatus, a species which overwinters at low to mid elevations on itsTripsacum hosts. October-rearedD. maidis adults survived relatively short periods at −5°C (LT₅₀=8.9h) compared to October-rearedD. elimatus adults (LT₅₀=42.3h). This suggests that in Mexico,D. maidis either overwinters in protected habitats at higher elevations or it migrates to lower, frost-free regions. October-rearedB. tripsaci adults, which overwinter in the egg stage, were intolerant of −5°C (LT₅₀=2.6h). A conditioning period for 1 h at +5°C before and after exposure to −5°C significantly improved survival forD. maidis. Supercooling points (SCPs) were between −23 and −20°C, indicating that mortality of these leafhoppers at −5°C was due to cold shock injury rather than internal ice formation.