黑果腺肋花楸枝条的深超冷与抗寒性

差热分析法测得黑果腺肋花楸枝条有深超冷。黑果腺肋花楸低温放热峰的起始温度和组织褐变法测得的致死温度相吻合。以黑果腺肋花楸低温放热峰的起始温度作为枝条的抗寒性指标,抗寒性的季节变化表现为：晚秋至１２月上旬为抗寒性驯化阶段,１２月上旬至次年２月上旬为最强抗寒性维持阶段,２月上旬以后开始脱锻炼。初冬后的锻炼过程和早春的脱锻炼过程十分迅速并与环境温度密切相关。     

细菌冰核提高印度谷螟过冷却点的研究

印度谷螟（Ｐｌｏｄｉａｉｎｔｅｒｐｕｎｃｔｅｌｌａ）是一种不耐结冰的昆虫,在冬季它通过降低过冷却点以避免结冰。现已查明,冰核活性细菌能显著提高植物的过冷却点,导致许多作物在较高的温度下发生霜冻害。本文也评明细菌冰核能显著提高印度谷螟幼虫的过冷却点。对照的平均过冷却点是－１７．６℃;分别用０．１ｇ和１ｇ细菌冰核与１ｋｇ面粉混合后进行处理,平均过冷却点分别比对照提高了１２．８℃和１３．６℃。研究结果支持这样的观点：细菌冰核有可能成为一种在冬季使用的、杀灭不耐结冰害虫的生物制剂。     

The temperature properties of human α2-macroglobulin in the range −15 to +37°C. An investigation of supercooled solutions using small-angle X-ray scattering and dilatometry

The effect of temperature on human α₂-macroglobulin dissolved in a water buffer containing 0.0065 m NaH₂PO₄ and 0.0652 m Na₂HPO₄ pH 7.78, has been investigated in the range ?15°C (supercooled water solutions) to +37°C using small-angle X-ray scattering and dilatometry. From the small-angle X-ray data it follows that there is no detectable change in conformation, or outer dimensions, of α₂-macroglobulin as a function of temperature. There is, however, a marked increase in the scattering power of the samples at decreasing temperature and vice versa. From measurements of the influence of the temperature on the apparent specific volume, using dilatometry, it follows that dv₁/dt = 0.00055 cm³g^?1K^?1, and the influence of the temperature on the scattering power can be fully explained by this value. In order to explain this obvious paradox, that there is a change in the apparent specific volume of α₂-macroglobulin without any accompanying change in the outer dimensions, we propose that there is also a change in the internal hydration of the protein as a function of temperature. Decreasing temperature leads to an increased hydration and vice versa.     

Differences in pupal cold hardiness and larval food consumption between overwintering and non‐overwintering generations of the common yellow swallowtail,Papilio machaon (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), from the Osaka population

To clarify differences in pupal cold hardiness and larval food consumption between overwintering and non‐overwintering generations of the common yellow swallowtail, Papilio machaon, we reared larvae from the Osaka population under photoperiods of 16 h light : 8 h dark (LD 16:8) (long day) or LD 12:12 (short day) at 20°C. We examined the relationship between food consumption and weight during the final larval stadium and pupae, and measured the pupal supercooling point (SCP). Although the ratio of assimilation to consumption did not differ significantly between photoperiods, the ratio of assimilation to pupal weight differed significantly between individuals reared under long and short days. All diapausing pupae were brown, whereas 56% of non‐diapausing pupae were green with the remainder brown. The mean pupal body length (L), dorsal width (W₁) and lateral width (W₂) were larger in non‐diapausing than in diapausing pupae, and the W₁/L and W₁/W₂ ratios differed significantly between non‐diapausing and diapausing pupae. SCP was approximately –20°C and did not differ among pupae 5, 15 and 30 days after pupation under long‐day conditions. However, under short‐day conditions, mean SCP gradually decreased, stabilizing at approximately –24 to –25°C by 30 days after pupation. After freezing, some diapausing pupae emerged as adults, whereas all non‐diapausing pupae died. Both egestion and assimilation were greater under long‐day conditions. The results revealed that pupae of this papilionid exhibit seasonal polyphenism in physiological and morphological traits. Energy from food appears to be expended on increasing cold hardiness in the overwintering generation and on reproduction in the non‐overwintering generation.     

Cold hardiness in the pre‐imaginal stages of the great web‐spinning pine‐sawfly Acantholyda posticalis

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Cold hardiness and overwintering of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae

ABSTRACT.

• 1 Cold hardiness as measured by supercooling ability in the active stages of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.) decreased progressively with maturation.
• 2 Aphids showed no acclimation response when maintained at low temperatures.
• 3 Starvation did not improve supercooling ability.
• 4 In a single exposure, surface moisture caused inoculation above the inherent supercooling point in a small proportion of a population.
• 5 Field populations show a seasonal change in supercooling ability, which is at a maximum in summer and a minimum in late winter.
• 6 It is concluded that the act of feeding on healthy plant tissue may confer extensive supercooling ability.

     

Cold-hardiness in several species of land snails

1. 1.|Mean supercooling points (SCP) of Anguispira alternata (Say) gradually declined in autumn and increased in spring. SCP also declined in autumn in Discus conrkhitei (Newcomb) and Gastrocopta armifera (Say).

2. 2.|Supercooling ability varied among the species, being the greatest in G. armifera.

3. 3.|Prolonged exposure of winter animals to high temperatures resulted in only a modest increase in SCP.

4. 4.|Low temperature survival of D. cronkhitei and G. armifera was slightly poorer than predicted by the mean SCP.

越北腹露蝗卵的过冷却特性

利用热电偶法测定越北腹露蝗FruhstorferiolatonkinensisWill卵的过冷却点。结果表明,越北腹露蝗卵的过冷却点随季节变化而变动。卵的平均过冷却点从2004年9月初(刚产的卵)的-16.0℃显著下降到2005年1月的-24.7℃,随后卵的过冷却点显著增加到2005年3月的-10.7℃。滞育卵的平均过冷却点(-20.1℃)低于滞育后的平均过冷却点(-12.4℃)。滞育卵在5℃下适应30d后平均过冷却点显著减小到-25.9℃,而在30℃下适应30d后平均过冷却点显著增加到-8.2℃。     

悬铃木方翅网蝽越冬种群的过冷却点测定

测定了悬铃木方翅网蝽Corythucha ciliata（Say）2个地理种群（湖北荆州种群和河南郑州种群）的过冷却点,结果表明,荆州种群1日龄和5日龄成虫的过冷却点分别为-16.519℃和-21.646℃,而郑州种群1日龄和5日龄成虫的过冷却点为-17.329℃和-21.617℃。2个地理种群的过冷却点没有明显差异,但同一地理种群1日龄和5日龄成虫间的过冷却点差异显著。     

美国白蛾越冬蛹的过冷却能力、体内水分及脂肪含量

对美国白蛾(Hyphantrian cunea)越冬蛹在越冬过程中过冷却能力、体内水分及脂肪含量的变化进行了研究.结果表明：在越冬过程中,美国白蛾雌、雄蛹的抗寒能力呈现出相似的变化趋势, 即其抗寒能力随越冬期温度降低而逐渐增强, 并在冬季过后随温度升高而逐渐减弱.越冬期不同阶段越冬蛹体内水分、脂肪含量及过冷却点（SCP）和结冰点（FP）有所不同.其中,越冬前期和中期的SCP显著低于越冬后期,FP没有显著性差异;越冬中期蛹体内含水量最高,显著高于越冬前期和后期.越冬蛹的SCP和FP均显著低于非越冬蛹,体内水分和总脂肪含量均明显高于非越冬蛹.经回归分析,雌、雄蛹体内含水量与其SCP呈
较好的负相关关系（P<0.05）.