Mass production and utilization ofTrichogramma: 10. Control of the codling mothCydia pomonella and the summer fruit tortrix mothAdoxophyes orana [Lep.: Tortricidae]

The effectiveness ofTrichogramma dendrolimi, Trichogramma embryophagum, Trichogramma sp. strain 45 andTrichogramma sp. strain 48 to control the codling mothCydia pomonella L. and the summer fruit tortrix mothAdoxophyes orana F.R. was tested in 4 field trials (1984–1986). Four to sixTrichogramma treatments (depending on the temperature) each at 400 (pillar trees) to 9,000 (round tops) parasites per tree were carried out between June and August to insure the continuous presence ofTrichogramma in the plots. The monitoring was done by examining 3,000 to 10,000 apple fruits per plot. T. dendrolimi reduced the damage ofC. pomonella by 61.35%, ofA. orana by 72.85%.T. embryophagum reduced the damage ofC. pomonella by 50.06%, ofA. orana by 50.8%.Trichogramma strain 45 reduced the damage ofC. pomonella by 41.6% and ofA. orana by 87.9%,Trichogramma strain 48 by 57.2% and 51.2% respectively. The reduction of 67.1% in the number of apple fruits damaged byC. pomonella andA. orana obtained by the inundative releases ofT. dendrolimi in these experiments is considered economically and the use of this species in practice is recommended.      

基于地面遥感信息与气温的夏玉米土壤水分估算方法

土壤水分是土壤-植被-大气连续体的一个重要组分,是决定陆地生态系统水分状况的关键因子,也是作物的水分供应库.为了估算站点尺度不同深度的土壤水分,基于下垫面能量平衡方程和水分亏缺指数,提出了基于地面遥感信息(归一化植被指数和下垫面温度)和气温估算土壤相对湿度方法.利用2014年中国气象局固城生态与农业气象试验站夏玉米水分控制试验资料验证的结果表明: 该方法可以有效估算不同深度的土壤相对湿度,陆地生态系统的潜在干旱程度即实际蒸散与潜在蒸散之比与不同深度土壤湿度呈显著的线性关系.其中,0～10 cm土层的土壤水分估算精度最高,决定系数达0.90;0～20 cm到0～50 cm土层土壤水分估算的平均相对误差均在15%以内,相对均方根误差均在20%以内.研究结果可为作物的干旱监测与灌溉管理提供参考.     

有限供水对夏玉米产量及其水分利用效率的影响

在人工控制水分的测试坑条件下,对玉米全生育期的研究表明;随供水量减少则根系耗水深度明显加深,土壤各层次含水量变化较大。当供水量从适宜供水下降到中度亏缺供水时,则耗水深度由８０ｃｍ增加到１２０ｃｍ;在各生育期蒸腾速率,光合速率及产量和水分利用效率均随供水量的下降而下降;研究单叶水分利用效率表明：顶层第二叶在各叶层中最高;其日变化是９：００－１１：００时单叶ＷＵＥ最高。     

施用有机无机复混肥对夏玉米生长和水分利用的影响

对农业废弃物无害化处理后,添加一定的无机肥后制作成有机无机复混肥,使其肥料化资源利用.为了进一步研究有机无机复混肥的肥效,2001～2003年在夏玉米上进行了连续3年田间试验,试验结果表明,有机无机复混肥可以促进玉米生长,增加玉米生物产量1958.0～2770.5kg·hm-2,改善玉米产量结构,提高玉米籽粒产量866.0～1144.5kg·hm-2.并能降低玉米耗水系数,提高玉米水分利用效率2.680～3.399kg/ mm·hm2 .在旱地施用有机无机复混肥,可以提高旱地水资源的利用效率.     

水肥耦合下夏玉米不同生育时期的高光谱特性与反演模型研究

本文通过整个光谱范围内一阶导数光谱反射率与叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的相关系数显著的波段,建立高光谱预监测水肥耦合条件下的夏玉米光合特性以及碳氮代谢,进而为玉米高产提供依据。在玉米拔节期和大喇叭口期选择596、1025和924nnl,吐丝期和乳熟期选择638、1068和965nm这几个显著性波段的实测值来建立估测模型。研究结果表明,拔节和大喇叭口期叶片叶绿素SPAD值的估测模型为y=28832．45p596＋39．34,可溶性糖含量的估测模型为y=640．54p1025＋7．92,可溶性蛋白含量一阶导数光谱估测模型为y=4092．90p924＋5．63,而吐丝期和乳熟期叶片叶绿素SPAD值的估测模型为y=134151．00p638＋129．92,可溶性糖含量的估测模型为y=524．80p1068＋9．20,可溶性蛋白含量一阶导数光谱估测模型为y=7321．61lp965＋36．64。所建立的高光谱预测模型在本试验所属的时空范围内能很好地预测和反演玉米生长状况。     

The effects of season,daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population

Cortisol is critical for maintenance of health and homeostasis and factors affecting cortisol levels are of clinical importance. There is conflicting information about the effects of season on morning cortisol and little information on the effects of sunlight on population cortisol assessment. The aim of this study was to assess whether changes in median serum cortisol occurred in a population in conjunction with changing seasons, daylight saving time (DST) or time of sunrise. We analysed serum cortisol results (n?=?27 569) from a single large laboratory over a 13-year period. Subjects with confounding medications or medical conditions were excluded and data analysed in 15-minute intervals. We assessed the influence of traditional seasons, seasons determined by equinox/solstice, DST and time of sunrise on median cortisol. The median time of cortisol collection did not vary significantly between seasons. Using traditional seasons, median cortisol was lowest in summer (386?nmol/L) and spring (384?nmol/L) with higher cortisol in autumn (406?nmol/L) and winter (414?nmol/L). Median cortisol was lowest in the summer solstice quarter with significant comparative increases in the spring equinox quarter (3.1%), the autumn equinox quarter (4.5%) and the winter solstice quarter (8.6%). When cortisol was modelled against time, with adjustment for actual sunrise time on day of collection, for each hour delay in sunrise there was a 4.8% increase in median cortisol (95% CI: 3.9–5.7%). In modelling to explain the variation in cortisol over the morning, sunrise time was better than season in explaining seasonal effects. A subtle cyclic pattern in median cortisol also occurred throughout the months of the year. A 3-year trial of DST allowed comparison of cortisol in DST and non DST periods, when clock time differed by one hour. There was modest evidence of a difference in acrophase between DST and non DST cortisol (p?=?0.038), with DST peak cortisol estimated to occur 58?minutes later than non-DST peak. In summary, we found that time of sunrise and time of cortisol collection were the most important factors influencing median cortisol. For each hour later that the sun rose there was an almost 5% increase in median cortisol. There was significant seasonal variability with lowest cortisol noted in summer coinciding with the earliest sunrise time. This is an important finding which is consistent with the understanding that light is the major zeitgeber in entrainment of the human circadian cortisol rhythm. Our data suggest this rhythm is resistant to the arbitrary changes in clock time with daylight saving.     

河南夏大豆产量相关性状的遗传分析

以10个河南夏大豆主栽品种为材料,对与株粒重有关的10个农艺性状进行了遗传相关、遗传参数和通径分析。试验结果表明：株高、每节粒重、株有效荚数、粒茎比和株粒重呈高度正相关,与环境相关较小;株高与粒茎比的遗传力较大,每荚粒数与每节粒重的遗传力较小;各性状对株粒重的重要贡献的大小依次为每节粒重、株有效荚数与粒茎比。因此,大力提高节粒重、株有效荚数与粒茎比是河南夏大豆高产育种的方向。     

Summer mastitis experimentally induced by Hydrotaea irritans exposed to bacteria

Abstract. Summer mastitis is an acute suppurative bacterial infection of the udder in heifers and dry cows. To ascertain the possible role of flies in the transmission of the disease, experimental exposures of recipient heifers to Hydrotaea irritans previously exposed to bacteria were carried out. Flies were allowed to feed on secretions from clinical cases of summer mastitis. The pathogens present were the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Actinomyces pyogenes , Stuart-Schwan cocci, Peptococcus indolicus, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacterioides species. The teats of eight heifers were exposed to flies with verified pathogen content. Two teats of each animal were deliberately damaged before fly exposure. One teat was cut, another pricked with insect needles to mimic insect bites. Two of the heifers developed summer mastitis in the quarters where teats had been cut. The bacterial species isolated from these quarters corresponded to those that had previously been fed to the flies. For the first time, it is now demonstrated that H.irritans is capable of transmitting summer mastitis pathogens and so causing summer mastitis in recipient heifers. Lesions on the teat orifice may be a predisposing factor in the development of the disease.     

控释尿素施用方式及用量对夏玉米氮肥效率和产量的影响

在大田条件下以不施氮为对照,研究了施氮量为75和150 kg N·hm^-2条件下,普通尿素底施、控释尿素底施和侧施对夏玉米光合性能、氮肥效率和产量的影响.结果表明：与普通尿素相比,相同施氮水平下,包膜控释尿素处理玉米果穗叶光合速率、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、籽粒灌浆速率均显著提高,玉米籽粒产量比普通尿素平均提高9.5%;与控释尿素侧施相比,底施使玉米籽粒产量提高6.2%.包膜控释尿素处理的氮肥农学利用率（AE）和偏生产力（PFP）比普通尿素平均分别提高74.5%和11.0%;与包膜控释尿素侧施相比,底施使AE和PFP分别提高26.8%和5.7%.控释尿素施用量较高时,玉米光合性能得到改善,产量、AE和PFP显著提高;与控释尿素侧施相比,底施对玉米产量、AE和PFP的增加效果更显著.     

Do increased summer precipitation and N deposition alter fine root dynamics in a Mojave Desert ecosystem?

Climate change is expected to impact the amount and distribution of precipitation in the arid southwestern United States. In addition, nitrogen (N) deposition is increasing in these regions due to increased urbanization. Responses of belowground plant activity to increases in soil water content and N have shown inconsistent patterns between biomes. In arid lands, plant productivity is limited by water and N availability so it is expected that changes in these factors will affect fine root dynamics. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of increased summer precipitation and N deposition on fine root dynamics in a Mojave Desert ecosystem during a 2‐year field experiment using minirhizotron measurements. Root length density, production, and mortality were measured in field plots in the Mojave Desert receiving three 25 mm summer rain events and/or 40 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1. Increased summer precipitation and N additions did not have an overall significant effect on any of the measured root parameters. However, differences in winter precipitation resulting from interannual variability in rainfall appeared to affect root parameters with root production and turnover increasing following a wet winter most likely due to stimulation of annual grasses. In addition, roots were distributed more deeply in the soil following the wet winter. Root length density was initially higher under canopies compared to canopy interspaces, but converged toward the end of the study. In addition, roots tended to be distributed more deeply into the soil in canopy interspace areas. Results from this study indicated that increased summer precipitation and N deposition in response to climate change and urbanization are not likely to affect fine root dynamics in these Mojave Desert ecosystems, despite studies showing aboveground plant physiological responses to these environmental perturbations. However, changes in the amount and possibly distribution of winter precipitation may affect fine root dynamics.