Spatial-temporal character of vegetation cover and its influence factors in the Shule River Basin China,during 1985–2011

Abstract

Vegetation coverage is an important indicator of the terrestrial ecosystems, and it provides crucial significance for evaluation and analysis of vegetation change. The Shule River Basin is a typical ecological fragile region in the inland of Northwest China. We used vegetation coverage index as given in Technical Specifications for Assessment of Ecological Environment. Geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis was used to analyze the temporal and spatial features of vegetation cover in the Shule River Basin and its influencing factors from 1986 to 2011. The results showed that vegetable cover is very low in most areas of Shule River Basin with only the upstream parts of the oasis and watershed haven high vegetation cover. The average vegetation coverage index increased from 6.78 to 8.31 during 1986–2011. An area of 59,998?km² in the Shule River Basin has unchanged vegetation coverage index and this account for 51.7% of watershed areas for the period of the study. Also, an area of 31,721?km² recorded an increased vegetable cover, accounting for 27.3% while an area of 24,372?km² decreased vegetation cover which accounts for 21.0%. There was different correlation between vegetation cover and annual precipitation in the Shule River Basin.     

轮作及绿肥不同利用方式对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

通过4年田间定位试验比较了3种轮作及相应绿肥不同利用方式对作物产量和土壤性质的影响.轮作方式包括夏休闲-冬小麦（对照）、豆类绿肥-冬小麦和豆类绿肥-春玉米-冬小麦.豆类绿肥-冬小麦包括3种绿肥利用方式：提前覆盖、提前翻压和播前翻压;豆类绿肥-春玉米-冬小麦也包括3种绿肥利用方式：豆类茎秆覆盖、茎秆翻压和茎秆移出田间.结果表明：对于豆类绿肥-冬小麦轮作,绿肥消耗了更多小麦播前土壤水,使小麦产量不稳定;麦收后0～200 cm土层硝态氮储量显著高于另外两种轮作,有更高的淋失风险;该轮作方式下提前覆盖处理0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)含量和有机碳储量(SSOC)最高.对于豆类绿肥-春玉米-冬小麦轮作,小麦播前土壤储水量显著高于豆类绿肥-冬小麦,小麦产量更稳定;麦收后0～200 cm土层硝态氮储量显著低于豆类绿肥-冬小麦轮作,淋失风险较低;该轮作方式下茎杆覆盖处理0～20 cm土层土壤SOC含量显著高于茎杆移出处理,且SSOC相对于试验初始也有所增加.可见,豆类绿肥-春玉米-冬小麦轮作体系中豆类收获籽粒后茎杆地表覆盖方式,在提高小麦播前土壤储水量、稳定产量、培肥土壤和降低0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮残留量上表现较好,是具有类似气候地区的合理种植制度.
     

2006年春夏期间浙江南麂海域浮游植物群落结构特征

研究了2006年春夏期间(4~6月)浙江省南麂列岛海域的浮游植物群落结构,共观察到68种浮游植物,其中硅藻53种,甲藻13种,金藻和蓝藻各1种。调查期间,该海域浮游植物群落结构变化明显,原甲藻赤潮的形成和持续是最显著的特征,三角棘原甲藻和东海原甲藻分别在5月中、下旬先后引发赤潮。原甲藻赤潮的形成与水温有密切关系,其生消引起海水中营养盐结构的相应变化。     

Leachates of Eucalyptus globulus in Intermittent Streams Affect Water Parameters and Invertebrates

Low order streams running through Eucalyptus globulus plantations in Central Portugal are frequently reduced to isolated permanent or temporary summer pools with darkly stained water due to leaf leachates. Here we assess the toxicity of such leachates to the shredder Sericostoma vittatum. Leachates resulted in deoxygenated and more acid water, and increased its phenolic content and conductivity. S. vittatum exposed to high concentrations of leachates failed to grow and died within 30 days even in the presence of high quality food. Larvae in water with half the leachate concentration, consumed less leaf material, had lower growth rates, did not pupate and died within 100 days. Eucalypt leachates per se may affect the viability and ecology of macroinvertebrates in Portuguese streams. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

夏玉米对土壤水分持续减少的响应及其转折点阈值分析

玉米是世界三大粮食作物之一,玉米生产在中国粮食安全与畜牧业发展中具有举足轻重的作用。干旱是夏玉米生产最主要气象灾害,及时准确地获取干旱信息对夏玉米安全生产至关重要。以夏玉米郑单958品种为材料,设置充分供水和拔节期开始土壤水分持续减少两种水分处理,研究夏玉米对土壤水分持续减少的响应及其转折点阈值,为夏玉米干旱识别与监测提供依据。结果表明,土壤水分持续减少10d后生理指标开始陆续受到胁迫,20d后生物量积累受到抑制,30d左右形态特征开始受到胁迫。夏玉米生理指标中最先受到胁迫的是顶端第1片完全展开叶的含水量和水势,生物量积累指标中为茎生物量,形态指标中为叶数。夏玉米顶端第1片完全展开叶的含水量或水势、茎生物量和叶数开始受到土壤干旱过程胁迫的时间阈值分别为11、21、27d,水分亏缺阈值分别为34、66、86mm,土壤相对湿度阈值分别为64%、56%和52%。表明夏玉米对土壤干旱过程的响应首先表现为生理特征变化、其次为生物量积累变化、最后为形态特征变化。研究结果可为客观辨识夏玉米干旱的发生发展及监测预警提供参考。     

垄作栽培对高产田夏玉米光合特性及产量的影响

试验于2006-2007年在河南省浚县农业科学研究所试验田进行,以传统平作为对照,研究了垄作栽培对夏玉米光合特性和产量的影响.结果表明,垄作提高了夏玉米光合速率Pn、叶片蒸腾速率Tr和气孔导度Gs,且其日变化均呈单峰曲线,12:00达到最大值,而细胞间隙二氧化碳浓度Gi有所降低,其日变化与Pn相反,呈倒抛物线型.垄作栽培夏玉米的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和实际光化学效率φPSⅡ均有所增加.与平作相比,垄作后期叶面积衰减较慢,籽粒蜡熟期和成熟期垄作比平作叶面积指数分别高6.4％和3.7％,减少了漏光损失,垄作栽培延长了叶片功能期,促进光合产物的积累及向籽粒的转移,有利于后期玉米籽粒充实,千粒重显著高于平作,产量提高9.6％.     

黑龙港流域夏玉米产量提升限制因素

从产量构成因素及物质生产着手分析了黑龙港流域夏玉米产量进一步提高的限制因子.分析结果显示:穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均与产量显著相关,说明该地区夏玉米仍有继续增产的潜力;但在再高产过程中,单纯依靠穗数增加,产量增产幅度较小,应稳定在一定适宜的密度下,注重单位面积穗粒数和粒重的提高,但在穗数确定的情况下,穗粒数相对稳定,增加粒重成为再高产重要因素.因此,采取措施增强灌浆速率和延长灌浆时间是关键,即增强或稳定叶片在花后的有效光合能力.结果表明,增加叶片数量对产量贡献很小,而改善叶片质量、提高叶片功能,进而增加花后同化物合成至关重要.因此,茎秆和叶片的质量是再高产实现的关键技术突破点.同时,提高茎秆的花前物质转运比例也有助于提高于粒重,促进产量提升.在生产实践中,进一步挖掘产量必须搞清楚地上和地下两方面的关系,但目前对“根系-土壤”复合体的结构和功能研究相对较少.不合理耕作方式造成了土壤耕层太浅,严重影响了玉米根系生长发育,使生育后期吸收功能减弱,不利于产量形成.加之,吐丝前后阴雨寡照,造成穗粒数形成决定期的“源”不足,同时也限制了灌浆速率,提前播期,躲避灾害天气或推迟收获时期,延长灌浆时间等逆境栽培措施就显得尤为重要.     

Seasonal variation in susceptibility of the pear psyllid,Cacopsylla permixta (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) to selected insecticides

Although Cacopsylla pyri Forster and Cacopsylla pyricola Linnaeus have long been considered as more significant pests of pear trees around the world, Cacopsylla permixta Burckhardt and Hodkinson is the most significant pest in some parts of Iran, especially in pear gardens of Karaj. Current control strategies against this pest in Iran generally involve five or six insecticide treatments each year, despite unsatisfactory results are reported at many localities. So, it is crucial to know the most susceptible generation of the pest to apply a good strategy for its control. The aim of this study was to explore the seasonal variation in susceptibility of C. permixta to four commonly used insecticides. The results showed that winter forms (February) were 2.71‐fold, 4.58‐fold, 3.26 fold and 3.38‐fold more tolerant to diazinon, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and abamectin, respectively, compared with summer forms. Also, Esterase, GST and P450 monooxygenase activity was highest during February. Moreover, the content of lipid, carbohydrate, glycogen and protein was significantly higher in February compared with other months. Based on these results, the best period for insecticide treatment for efficient control is treatment against the first generation, at the time when eggs are laid by females as well as during the egg hatching and the larvae appearance. At this time of year, psylla are more susceptible, which would likely lead to better results and the reduction in damage during the next summer. However, further studies are needed to test this in farm settings, and to whether this holds true for other psylla species.