Field study of beech (t Fagus sylvatica L.) and melojo oak (t Quercus pyrenaica Willd) leaf litter decomposition in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula

The effect of the canopy on leaf decomposition of beech (t Fagus sylvatica) and melojo oak (t Quercus pyrenaica) was studied during a period of 660 days in a mountain forest of central Spain; response of leaves to leaching was also studied to determine the effects of rainfall after leaf fall. Beech leaves lost 5.8% of their weight by leaching, whereas melojo oak leaves lost 13%. Under both types of canopy, beech leaves showed almost no difference in their decomposition patterns, with decay constants of 0.31 and 0.32 respectively. Melojo oak leaves showed quite a different behaviour under both canopies; decay constant was 0.47 under t Quercus pyrenaica and 0.77 under beech canopy. Total immobilization of nitrogen was less in the melojo oak forest. Effects of summer dryness were sharper in the melojo oak forest, where decomposition stopped during the summer. This delay in the decomposition might have been due to the lower canopy density in the melojo oak forest. The decomposition patterns of the leaves of both species, under the canopy of the other species, suggests what might happen in mixed stands. Thus, the presence of melojo oaks in beech forest would increase decay and decrease nitrogen immobilization. The presence of beech trees in melojo oak forests would improve microclimatic conditions and increase decay, whereas beech litter on the soil would immobilizate more nitrogen.     

Phenological responses to nitrogen and water addition are linked to plant growth patterns in a desert herbaceous community

Increases in nitrogen (N) deposition and variation in precipitation have been occurring in temperate deserts; however, little information is available regarding plant phenological responses to environmental cues and their relationships with plant growth pattern in desert ecosystems. In this study, plant phenology and growth of six annuals in response to N and water addition were monitored throughout two consecutive growing seasons in 2011 and 2012 in a temperate desert in northwestern China. The effects of N and water addition on reproductive phenology differed among plant species. N and water addition consistently advanced the flowering onset time and fruiting time of four spring ephemerals; however, their effects on two spring‐summer annuals were inconsistent, with advances being noted in one species and delays in another. N and water addition alone increased plant height, relative growth rate, leaf number, flower number, and individual biomass, while their combinative effects on plant growth and reproductive phenology were dependent on species. Multiple regression analysis showed that flowering onset time was negatively correlated with relative growth rate of two species, and negatively correlated with maximum plant height of the other four species. Our study demonstrates that phenological responses to increasing precipitation and N deposition varied in annuals with different life histories, whereby the effects of climate change on plant growth rate were related to reproductive phenology. Desert annuals that were able to accelerate growth rate under increasing soil resource availability tended to advance their flowering onset time to escape drought later in the growing season. This study promotes our understanding of the responses of temperate desert annuals to increasing precipitation and N deposition in this desert.     

麦秸还田耕层酚酸的时间变化及其对夏玉米幼苗生长和产量的影响

麦秸还田作为常规农业措施已应用多年。近年来 ,随着国内外对化感作用研究的日益开展 ,对此措施有了新的认识。 Kimber[7] ,Mc Calla,Duley[9] 和马永清 [2 ,5]等均报道麦秸覆盖在一些情况下会抑制下茬作物的生长 ;马瑞霞等 [1,4 ]在室内腐解麦秸 ,将提取液分离鉴定 ,发现麦秸腐解产生的酚、酸、醛、酮类化合物对玉米种子萌发有抑制作用。但这方面的报道多限于室内模拟、盆栽等试验 ,而在生产条件下表现如何 ,未见报道。本试验以酚酸为代表研究麦秸还田后土壤耕层内化感物质的时间变化 ,以及对夏玉米生长的影响 ,以期为大田生产进一步应用…     

土壤耕作及秸秆还田对夏玉米田杂草生物多样性的影响

于2008年夏玉米(Zea mays)生长期间,在连续5a秸秆全量还田的免耕、旋耕、耙耕、深松和常规耕作试验地中,研究了杂草总密度、优势杂草种类、生物多样性指数、杂草生物量和夏玉米产量。调查共记录杂草种类13种,秸秆全量还田时,免耕显著提高杂草的总密度;无秸秆还田时,常规耕作的杂草密度高于免耕、旋耕、耙耕和深松。秸秆全量还田后,免耕和深松条件下,杂草优势种为马唐和旱稗,旋耕和耙耕条件下为马唐、旱稗和牛筋草;常规耕作条件下,优势杂草为马唐、苘麻、旱稗和香附子。无秸秆还田条件下,免耕和常规耕作增加了杂草优势种的数量。秸秆全量还田后,免耕、耙耕和深松等耕作措施导致杂草群落的物种丰富度及均匀度均较高。无论哪种耕作条件,5a连续秸秆还田能够显著提高夏玉米籽粒产量和生物学产量,其中尤以常规耕作秸秆全量还田处理产量最高,且田间杂草的生物学产量与夏玉米的生物学产量呈显著负相关关系。     

内蒙古达赉湖地区和蒙古国东方省蒙原羚的夏季食性

2008年7—8月,收集了内蒙古达赉湖地区和蒙古国东方省蒙原羚的新鲜粪便,采用粪样显微组织学分析法研究了蒙原羚的夏季食性。研究结果如下:(1)内蒙古达赉湖地区夏季植物群落在植被盖度、地上生物量、植物种数方面与蒙古国东方省差异均不显著;在内蒙古达赉湖地区和蒙古国东方省共采集常见植物18科43属63种;(2)内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚共采食10科19属22种植物,蒙古国东方省蒙原羚共采食11科24属29种植物;(3)禾本科植物是内蒙古达赉湖地区和蒙古国东方省蒙原羚夏季主要食物,分别占蒙原羚食物组成的79.1%和73.2%;禾本科植物中的羊草、针茅是内蒙古达赉湖地区和蒙古国东方省蒙原羚的主要食物,分别占蒙原羚食物组成的63.6?和57.7%;(4)内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚夏季食物组成生态位宽度Bj=2.0,蒙古国东方省蒙原羚夏季食物组成生态位宽度Bj=2.3;(5)内蒙古达赉湖地区与蒙古国东方省蒙原羚的食物相似性指数PS=0.7;(6)内蒙古达赉湖蒙原羚与蒙古国东方省蒙原羚主要食物秩相关性检验显著相关(P0.05),相关性系数0.6。研究表明尽管内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚主要在草原围栏内活动,但与蒙古国东方省蒙原羚的夏季食性显著相似,这表明有限的活动范围没有对蒙原羚夏季食性产生显著影响。     

昆虫夏滞育的调控及其遗传基础

几十年来对昆虫夏滞育的研究不断深入 ,阐明了不少昆虫夏滞育的生态机理。目前 ,探讨其内在的机制已成为研究的方向。该文着重论述夏滞育的生理生化特征、夏滞育的调控及其遗传基础     

土壤干旱胁迫下非水力根信号调控夏玉米气体交换对大气环境的响应

对不同程度土壤干旱胁迫下夏玉米非水力根信号的产生以及气体交换过程对大气环境的响应进行了试验研究。充足底墒播种后采用3个土壤水分处理等级(0~200cm土壤相对湿度为>80%、60%~70%、40%~50%,代号为W T1、W T2和W T3)。生育期内遮去自然降水。试验结果表明,在拔节期轻度和中度土壤干旱胁迫的情况下,玉米根系合成大量ABA传输到地上部分,参与控制气孔开度和气体交换过程对大气环境变化的响应并调节水分消耗。在日变化过程中,当光强和水汽压亏缺较高时,由于蒸腾速率较高,非水力根信号物质向冠层的传输速率也较高,ABA在叶片中的累积影响了气孔开张对光强响应的敏感度,气孔开度受到抑制,并且随着ABA累积和浓度的增加,气孔抑制作用越强;在水汽压亏缺较低的情况下,非水力根信号物质向冠层的传输速率较低,ABA的代谢过程以及再分配过程能够保证这种信号物质保持在低水平,从而保证一定程度的气孔开度和光合、蒸腾速率。这种策略能够使夏玉米在轻、中等干旱条件下保证最大的光合作用,同时在可能的胁迫情况下降低蒸腾作用以提高水分利用效率。     

心肺康复训练联合冬病夏治穴位贴敷对慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者肺功能、免疫功能和生活质量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨冬病夏治穴位贴敷联合心肺康复训练对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）稳定期患者免疫功能、肺功能和生活质量的影响。方法：将2021年3月至2022年3月湖北民族大学附属民大医院接收的80例COPD稳定期患者纳为研究对象。按照随机数字表法分为研究组（n=40,接受心肺康复训练联合冬病夏治穴位贴敷）和对照组（n=40,接受心肺康复训练）。对比两组6 min步行试验（6MWT）、COPD急性加重住院次数、住院时间、肺功能、免疫功能和生活质量。结果：研究组治疗后6MWT长于对照组（P<0.05）,研究组的COPD急性加重住院次数少于对照组,住院时间短于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组治疗后咳嗽、睡眠、咳痰、情绪、运动耐力、胸闷、精力和日常运动评分低于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组治疗后CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺、免疫球蛋白（Ig）A、IgG、IgM高于对照组,CD8⁺低于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组治疗后用力肺活量（FVC）、呼气峰值流速（PEF）、第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV₁）高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：冬病夏治穴位贴敷联合心肺康复训练治疗COPD稳定期患者,可有效提高患者的免疫功能和肺功能,提高患者的生活质量。     

Population dynamics of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) at summer roosts: Apparent survival,fidelity, abundance,and the influence of winter conditions

1. White‐nose syndrome (WNS) has caused the death of millions of bats, but the impacts have been more difficult to identify in western North America. Understanding how WNS, or other threats, impacts western bats may require monitoring other roosts, such as maternity roosts and night roosts, where bats aggregate in large numbers.
2. Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) are experiencing some of the greatest declines from WNS. Estimating survival and understanding population dynamics can provide valuable data for assessing population declines and informing conservation efforts.
3. We conducted a 5‐year mark–recapture study of two M. lucifugus roosts in Colorado. We used the robust design model to estimate apparent survival, fidelity, and abundance to understand population dynamics, and environmental covariates to understand how summer and winter weather conditions impact adult female survival. We compared the fidelity and capture probability of M. lucifugus between colonies to understand how bats use such roosts.
4. Overwinter survival increased with the number of days with temperatures below freezing (β > 0.100, SE = 0.003) and decreased with the number of days with snow cover (β < −0.40, SE < 0.13). Adult female fidelity was higher at one maternity roost than the other. Overwinter and oversummer adult female survival was high (>0.90), and based on survival estimates and fungal‐swabbing results, we believe these populations have yet to experience WNS.
5. Recapture of M. lucifugus using antennas that continuously read passive integrated transponder tags allows rigorous estimation of bat population parameters that can elucidate trends in abundance and changes in survival. Monitoring populations at summer roosts can provide unique population ecology data that monitoring hibernacula alone may not. Because few adult males are captured at maternity colonies, and juvenile males have low fidelity, additional effort should focus on understanding male M. lucifugus population dynamics.

     

花粒期光照对夏玉米光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

在大田条件下,以夏玉米品种‘登海605’为试验材料,研究花粒期不同光照强度(正常光照、开花至收获期遮阴和开花至收获期增光)对夏玉米叶片光合、荧光性能和叶绿体超微结构的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,花粒期遮阴影响叶绿体排布及内部结构发育,基粒个数和基粒片层数均有不同程度减少,叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量下降,PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学效率和最大光化学效率降低,非光化学淬灭系数数值增加,导致产量降低;增光后叶绿体结构良好,基粒片层排列紧致、清晰且数量增加,PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学效率增加,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量上升,叶片光合性能增强,产量增加.即花粒期遮阴破坏了夏玉米叶片叶绿体超微结构,降低了叶片光合能力,产量下降;花粒期增光增加了叶肉细胞中叶绿体的基粒和基粒片层,导致基粒片层排列紧密有序,有利于增加作物产量潜力.