基于Shuttleworth-Wallace模型的科尔沁沙地流动半流动沙丘蒸散发模拟

陆面蒸散发在气候调节和维持区域水量平衡中起关键作用.量化蒸散发及其各组分项,对深刻揭示干旱半干旱地区的生态水文过程具有重要意义.本研究基于科尔沁沙地流动半流动沙丘2017年生长季气象监测系统的原位监测数据,利用Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W)模型对沙丘蒸散发进行模拟,在此基础上,对蒸散各组分进行拆分,并利用涡度相关对模拟蒸散发值进行验证.结果表明: 整个生长季模型模拟蒸散发值为308 mm,涡度相关实测值为296 mm,偏差较小,证明S-W模型适用于该地区的蒸散发模拟.蒸散发整体呈生长旺盛期>生长后期>生长初期,分别为192、71和45 mm,分别占总量的62.3%、23.1%和14.6%.日尺度上模型模拟值与实测蒸散发值一致性较高,模型模拟精度大体表现为: 晴天>阴天>雨天,且阴雨天模型模拟值较涡度相关实测值偏低.经拆分,土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾分别为176和132 mm,分别占总量的57.1%和42.9%,表明沙地水分利用效率较低.持续干旱和降水后,蒸散发规律明显不同,且土壤蒸发对降水的敏感性强于植被蒸腾.     

高黎贡山雉类生境预测

物种分布信息对野生动物的保护和管理至关重要。基于物种访查数据和气候数据,采用基于物种生境偏好、利比希最小因子定律和谢尔福德耐受性定律构建的生态位模型,综合考虑物种出现点和环境变量,预测了高黎贡山白尾梢虹雉Lophophorus sclateri、血雉Ithaginis cruentus、白鹇Lophura nycthemera、白腹锦鸡Chrysolophus amherstiae的潜在分布区域。结果表明,模型对4种雉类的预测均达到较好效果;白尾梢虹雉、血雉、白鹇和白腹锦鸡的潜在生境总面积分别为6 432 km^2、8 464 km^2、9 573 km^2和13 691 km^2,白鹇和白腹锦鸡的潜在生境面积大于白尾梢虹雉和血雉,但后两者具有更多的高质量生境。高黎贡山北段是4种雉类潜在生境的重叠区,为高黎贡山雉类保护的优先区域,尤其是白尾梢虹雉,建议加大该区域的雉类调查和保护力度。     

2型糖尿病模型小鼠造模时间的选择

目的:分析不同时期的2型糖尿病小鼠血生化指标及心肌和肾脏的病理变化情况,为选择2型糖尿病模型小鼠造模时间提供依据。方法:32只健康雄性ICR小鼠高脂饲料喂养6周后,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ,30mg/kg),连续5d,制备糖尿病模型。9d后测空腹血糖(FBG),高于11.1mmol/L视为糖尿病模型。分别于成模后第4、6、8周处死一组小鼠。另取8只雄性ICR小鼠作为对照组,常规饲料喂养,于糖尿病组小鼠成模后第8周处死。分析小鼠生化及病理情况:①心脏、肾脏脏器系数计算;②血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酐(Cr)和尿素氮(BUN)含量测定;③HE染色观察心肌和肾脏组织病变的整体情况;Masson染色观察心肌组织纤维化情况;PAS染色观察肾脏组织病理变化。结果:与对照组小鼠进行比较,第4、6、8周的糖尿病小鼠心脏器系数升高,血清LDH、CK升高,病理组织学见心肌细胞肥大,纤维化;肾脏脏器系数升高,肾功能肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)显著升高,病理组织学见肾小球肥大,肾小管基底膜增厚,管腔萎缩。结论:第6周糖尿病小鼠相关生化病理指标改变相对明显且饲养时间相对较短,故2型糖尿病模型小鼠造模后第6周是进行药物干预和病理、生理、生化等研究的最佳时间。     

Resistance outside the substrate envelope: hepatitis C NS3/4A protease inhibitors

Direct acting antivirals have dramatically increased the efficacy and tolerability of hepatitis C treatment, but drug resistance has emerged with some of these inhibitors, including nonstructural protein 3/4?A protease inhibitors (PIs). Although many co-crystal structures of PIs with the NS3/4A protease have been reported, a systematic review of these crystal structures in the context of the rapidly emerging drug resistance especially for early PIs has not been performed. To provide a framework for designing better inhibitors with higher barriers to resistance, we performed a quantitative structural analysis using co-crystal structures and models of HCV NS3/4A protease in complex with natural substrates and inhibitors. By comparing substrate structural motifs and active site interactions with inhibitor recognition, we observed that the selection of drug resistance mutations correlates with how inhibitors deviate from viral substrates in molecular recognition. Based on this observation, we conclude that guiding the design process with native substrate recognition features is likely to lead to more robust small molecule inhibitors with decreased susceptibility to resistance.     

Effects of substrate patterning on cellular spheroid growth and dynamics measured by gradient light interference microscopy (GLIM)

The development of three‐dimensional (3D) cellular architectures during development and pathological processes involves intricate migratory patterns that are modulated by genetics and the surrounding microenvironment. The substrate composition of cell cultures has been demonstrated to influence growth, proliferation and migration in 2D. Here, we study the growth and dynamics of mouse embryonic fibroblast cultures patterned in a tissue sheet which then exhibits 3D growth. Using gradient light interference microscopy (GLIM), a label‐free quantitative phase imaging approach, we explored the influence of geometry on cell growth patterns and rotational dynamics. We apply, for the first time to our knowledge, dispersion‐relation phase spectroscopy (DPS) in polar coordinates to generate the radial and rotational cell mass‐transport. Our data show that cells cultured on engineered substrates undergo rotational transport in a radially independent manner and exhibit faster vertical growth than the control, unpatterned cells. The use of GLIM and polar DPS provides a novel quantitative approach to studying the effects of spatially patterned substrates on cell motility and growth.