Macroinvertebrate species and assemblages in the headwater streams of the River Tyne,northern England in relation to land cover and other environmental variables

The macroinvertebrate species and assemblages of headwater streams of the River Tyne catchment in northern England were classified and their relationship with environmental variables based on stream structure, water acidity, distance from source and land cover investigated using constrained ordination and logistic regression. Fuzzy classification of data from 322 stream sites generated five assemblages. Stream structure, quantified as an exposure index, was found to be the most important environmental variable, with water acidity also important. Distance from source and land cover had less influence on species and assemblage distribution. A considerable amount of variation in assemblage distribution was explained using a two-variable logistic regression with stream structure (exposure index) and water acidity (pH) in a template. Site structure and water acidity appeared to be related to drift, geology and topography with little anthropogenic influence. The applicability of the habitat template concept for explaining the distribution of stream macroinvertebrates is discussed.     

Recent advances in the study of long-distance dispersal of aquatic invertebrates via birds

Although Darwin pioneered the study of long‐distance dispersal (LDD) of aquatic invertebrates via waterbirds, it remains in its infancy as a modern discipline. A handful of recent studies have quantified internal or external transport in the field, confirming that a variety of long‐distance migrants carry invertebrates both internally and externally. These studies show that variation in the morphology of vectors influences the frequency and size of propagules transported, and suggest that more invertebrate groups disperse via birds than was previously thought. Dispersal limitation has mainly been investigated for zooplankton in small experimental systems from which waterbirds were effectively excluded, and the extent of such limitation for invertebrate populations in wetlands interconnected by waterbird movements remains unclear. We expect that the spatial and temporal scales at which dispersal limitation constrains geographical ranges, species richness and genetic structure of invertebrates depends partly on the density of migratory birds using the area. Birds may have a major role in the expansion of exotic species. We propose several avenues for future research. There is a particular need for more quantitative studies of LDD by birds that will enable modellers to assess its role in maintaining invertebrate biodiversity among increasingly fragmented wetlands and in the face of climate change, as well as in the spread of invasive species.     

Neural stem cells: involvement in adult neurogenesis and CNS repair

Recent advances in stem cell research, including the selective expansion of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro, the induction of particular neural cells from embryonic stem cells in vitro, the identification of NSCs or NSC-like cells in the adult brain and the detection of neurogenesis in the adult brain (adult neurogenesis), have laid the groundwork for the development of novel therapies aimed at inducing regeneration in the damaged central nervous system (CNS). There are two major strategies for inducing regeneration in the damaged CNS: (i) activation of the endogenous regenerative capacity and (ii) cell transplantation therapy. In this review, we summarize the recent findings from our group and others on NSCs, with respect to their role in insult-induced neurogenesis (activation of adult NSCs, proliferation of transit-amplifying cells, migration of neuroblasts and survival and maturation of the newborn neurons), and implications for therapeutic interventions, together with tactics for using cell transplantation therapy to treat the damaged CNS.     

溪流二氧化碳排放研究进展

陆源碳经内陆水体生态系统输出是全球碳循环的关键一环,其中溪流碳排放超过内陆水体平均碳排放,影响区域乃至全球碳收支.本文通过对前人的研究结果进行总结,归纳了当前溪流二氧化碳分压(pCO2)、二氧化碳排放通量(FCO2)的动态变化特征,二者均表现出明显的昼夜变化和季节变化特征,且随溪流分级的增大而减小;梳理了影响溪流pCO...     

静脉留置部位导管相关菌血症的病原学研究

目的调查静脉留置导管相关性血流感染病原学特点。方法回顾性调查杭州医学院附属第一医院2003年1月至2005年9月静脉留置治疗患者感染的发生情况,并对其病原菌及耐药特点进行分析。结果165例患者共送检留置导管标本184份,140份标本检有病原菌,检出率为76.1%(140/184)。在165例患者中有150例进行了血液培养,发生血流感染的有103例,感染率为68.7%(103/150)。从140份静脉留置导管标本中共分离出171株病原菌,主要为表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌等。有44例患者静脉留置导管和血液培养出同一种病原菌,主要为表皮葡萄球菌。导管留置后到第一次血液培养出现阳性的时间大约为4~8d。同时从静脉留置导管和血液分离的21株表皮葡萄球菌全部对呋喃妥因和万古霉素敏感,除对利福平的耐药率较低外,对其它抗生素的耐药率都超过50%。结论静脉留置导管较易引起血流感染,引起血流感染病原菌主要以表皮葡萄菌为主,且耐药性严重。     

血流感中的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解血流感染中的病原菌种类、分布及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法按照无菌操作方法采集疑为血流感染患者的血液标本进行血培养,采用美国BD公司PHOENIX-100全自动细菌鉴定药敏系统进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验,并对结果进行统计分析。结果共检出1080株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌630株（占58．3％）,革兰阳性球菌428株（占39．6％）,真菌22株（占2．1％）。药敏结果显示：革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感率最高,对青霉素、红霉素、头孢菌素等耐药率较高。革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦敏感率较高,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类和喹诺酮类耐药率较高。结论引起血流感染的病原菌分布复杂,耐药率较高,临床应提高血培养送检率,根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物,以减少多重耐药菌的发生和传播。     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤微生物生物量与土壤环境因子的关系

为探讨极端干旱区风沙土土壤微生物与土壤环境因子的作用规律,采用相关分析法研究了塔里木沙漠公路防护林地土壤微生物生物量与理化因子和酶活性的关系.结果表明：土壤容重和粒径减小（R<-0.84）、含水量和孔隙增大（R>0.85）时,防护林地中土壤微生物数量和生物量有增大趋势,由容重与微生物量的相关性主导;土壤养分含量与土壤微生物数量和生物量呈正相关,主要由速效养分和放线菌、微生物生物量C、P的相关性所致;土壤酶活性与土壤微生物数量和生物量的相关性差异较大,R在0.51～0.91,主要取决于蔗糖酶、磷酸酶与放线菌、微生物量C的相关;土壤盐分增加不利于土壤微生物生物量的积累(R<-0.71);土壤微生物数量与生物量呈较高正相关（R>0.63）.实践中应为干旱区林地土壤微生物营造良好的土体,促进土壤物质循环.     

高寒森林溪流对凋落叶分解过程中木质素降解的影响

溪流广泛分布于高寒森林地表, 凋落于其中的林木凋落物的分解是整个森林生态系统物质循环的重要环节, 水体流动过程中的冲刷和淋洗作用及其他独特的环境条件可能显著影响凋落物中木质素的降解。该研究采用凋落袋法对比研究了岷江上游高寒森林4种典型且初始质量差异显著的凋落叶, 即康定柳(Salix paraplesia)、高山杜鹃(Rhododendron lapponicum)、方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)和四川红杉(Larix mastersiana), 在不同生境(林下、溪流和河岸带)下分解过程中木质素残留质量和浓度(质量百分率)的动态变化特征。经过两年的分解, 发现溪流显著促进了凋落叶中木质素的降解; 同一物种凋落叶在不同生境下木质素残留质量差异显著(p < 0.05), 整体表现为溪流<河岸带<林下; 在凋落叶分解的初期木质素有明显的降解, 其浓度表现为先降低后升高, 但不同物种之间存在显著(p < 0.05)的差异; 在整个分解过程中, 木质素残留质量总体呈现出了降低的趋势。此外, 生境类型、分解时期和区域性环境因子(温度、pH值和营养元素的有效性)能显著影响木质素的降解率。这些结果表明, 传统上认为木质素在凋落叶分解初期相对稳定的观点可能并不准确, 其浓度很可能是先下降后升高, 这也与有关木质素动态的最新研究结果相一致。另一方面, 在不同分解时期和不同生境下, 凋落叶木质素降解率表现出了显著差异, 表明区域性环境因子在凋落叶分解和木质素降解过程中具有重要的作用。     

Leafminers help us understand leaf hydraulic design

Leaf hydraulics of Aesculus hippocastanum L. were measured over the growing season and during extensive leaf mining by the larvae of an invasive moth (Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimic) that specifically destroy the palisade tissue. Leaves showed seasonal changes in hydraulic resistance (R_lamina) which were related to ontogeny. After leaf expansion was complete, the hydraulic resistance of leaves and the partitioning of resistances between vascular and extra‐vascular compartments remained unchanged despite extensive disruption of the palisade by leafminers (up to 50%). This finding suggests that water flow from the petiole to the evaporation sites might not directly involve the palisade cells. The analysis of the temperature dependence of R_lamina in terms of Q₁₀ revealed that at least one transmembrane step was involved in water transport outside the leaf vasculature. Anatomical analysis suggested that this symplastic step may be located at the bundle sheath where the apoplast is interrupted by hydrophobic thickening of cell walls. Our findings offer some support to the view of a compartmentalization of leaves into well‐organized water pools so that the transpiration stream would involve veins, bundle sheath and spongy parenchyma, while the palisade tissue would be largely by‐passed with the possible advantage of protecting cells from short‐term fluctuations in water status.     

江苏常熟虞山土壤动物群落多样性研究

对江苏省常熟市虞山国家森林公园内的土壤动物进行了调查,共采得土壤动物样本 3916个,隶属于 5门 10纲,共26类群。蜱螨目、弹尾目和线虫纲是优势类群,占个体总数的88.22％,它们构成了该地区土壤动物的主体。对针阔混交林、竹林和茶园的土壤动物群落结构分析表明:土壤动物密度、类群数、多样性指数(H’)、密度-类群指数(DG)和多群落比较多样性指数(DIG)排序均为针阔混交林>茶园>竹林。茶园的均匀度指数最高。竹林的优势度指数最大。不同群落的相似性(q)分析表明,3种生境的土壤动物群落两两间的相似性指数q均大于0.5,都达到了中等相似水平。土壤动物的类群数垂直分布有明显差异,类群数向下逐渐减少。