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101.
Susan E. Gresens Kenneth T. Belt Jamie A. Tang Daniel C. Gwinn Patricia A. Banks 《Hydrobiologia》2007,575(1):173-190
In a longitudinal study of two streams whose lower reaches received unattenuated urban stormwater runoff, physical disturbance
by stormflow was less important than the persistant unidentified chemical impacts of urban stormwater in limiting the distribution
of Chironomidae, and Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Plecoptera (EPT). A hierarchical spatial analysis showed that chironomid
density did not decrease from rural to urban stream reaches. Instead, the taxonomic composition of chironomid assemblages
was significantly altered in urban versus rural reaches; chironomid assemblages in urban reaches exhibited higher average
pollution tolerance scores. In contrast, the density of EPT was significantly lower in urban reaches. Despite higher values
of stormflow tractive force in urban reaches, streambed stability tended to be greater in urban reaches. Modeling of temporal
variation in chironomid density showed similar patterns in both rural and urban reaches: chironomid density had a unimodal
relationship to rainfall index (RI), with highest densities at intermediate values of RI. Models of EPT density over time
in rural reaches showed no significant relation to RI, and temporal variation in EPT density in urban reaches was not predictable.
The abundance of fine particulate organic matter, including periphyton (FPOM), on cobbles was greater in urban reaches and
showed a much greater degree of temporal variation than in rural reaches. In urban reaches, a negative relation between FPOM
and RI indicated the importance of stormflow abrasion.
Handling editor: K. Martens 相似文献
102.
Olden JD 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2007,362(1479):461-472
In landscape ecology, substantial theoretical progress has been made in understanding how critical threshold levels of habitat loss may result in sudden changes in landscape connectivity to animal movement. Empirical evidence for such thresholds in real systems, however, remains scarce. Streambed landscapes provide a strong testing ground for studying critical thresholds because organisms are faced with substantial environmental heterogeneity while attempting to overcome the physical force of water. In this study, I report on the results from a series of experiments investigating the influence of habitat abundance and current velocity on the movement dynamics of two stream herbivores (caddisfly larva Agapetus boulderensis and snail Physa sp.) that differ substantially in how they perceive landscape structure. Specifically, I ask whether critical thresholds to herbivore movement exist in streambed landscapes. By exploiting the pattern recognition capabilities of artificial neural networks, I found that the rate, sinuosity and directionality of movement by Agapetus and Physa varied nonlinearly according to the abundance of habitat patches, current velocity and habitat-current interaction. Both the study organisms exhibited threshold responses to habitat abundance, yet the location and slope of these thresholds differed between species and with respect to different current velocities. These results suggest that a critical threshold in functional connectivity (i.e. the connection of habitat patches by dispersal) is not an inherent property of the landscape, but in fact emerges from the interplay of species' interactions with landscape structure. Moreover, current velocity interacted with habitat abundance to elicit strong upstream-oriented movement for both the species. This suggests that dispersing individuals may be polarized in the upstream direction and therefore functional connectivity is not equal in all directions. Such results highlight the need for future research addressing the sources of variability of critical threshold effects in ecological phenomena. 相似文献
103.
目的了解中山大学附属第一医院2002年到2005年自血培养标本中分离的致病细菌的耐药状况和菌群分布特征。方法采用全自动血培养仪进行培养,血培养报阳后转种血平板,用VITEK-60鉴定所分离致病菌,药敏试验用K-B法。结果4年间血培养共分离出934株病原细菌,其中大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,是该院引起血液感染的主要致病细菌。药物敏感试验显示革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的敏感性最高,而革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素及替考拉宁的敏感性最高。结论血液感染患者的死亡率较高,应重视导致血液感染致病菌的病原学研究,以利于疾病的治疗。 相似文献
104.
We collected information on 860 stream restoration projects in four states in the southeastern United States—Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina—to gain a better understanding of the practice of stream restoration in this area of high aquatic biodiversity and rapid metropolitan expansion. This was completed as a part of the National River Restoration Science Synthesis, with the larger goal of understanding the state of the science of stream restoration. Stream restoration project density, goals, and monitoring rates varied by state, although southeastern monitoring rates were higher than in other parts of the country. North Carolina had the most projects in the Southeast, of which 36% were monitored. In‐depth phone interviews with project managers from a random subsample of projects provided insights into the process of stream restoration. Land availability was the most common basis for site prioritization, and 49% of projects involved mitigation. Although 51% of projects were associated with a watershed assessment, only 30% of projects were done as part of a larger plan for the watershed. Projects were monitored using physical (77% of monitored projects), chemical (36%), and biological (86%) variables, although many projects were planned and ultimately evaluated based on public opinion. Our results suggest that stream restoration in the southeastern United States is at an exciting point where better incorporation of a watershed perspective into planning and establishment and evaluation of stated, measurable success criteria for every project could lead to more effective projects. 相似文献
105.
We have conducted a preliminary study of tidal and diurnal variations in the distribution of dominant larval and juvenile
fishes in the Chikugo River inlet (Ariake Bay, Kyushu, Japan) to determine whether selective tidal stream transport (STST)
occurs. Larval and juvenile fish were collected from the mesohaline zone of the Chikugo River inlet during spring 2002. Temperature,
salinity, depth, and current velocity were measured. Larval and juvenile abundance were compared among four tidal conditions,
flooding tide, high tide, ebbing tide, and low tide, and between day and night. A total of 12 families, 15 species, and 5,577
individuals were collected. Temperature did not vary significantly with tidal conditions whereas salinity, depth, and current
velocity varied significantly. Salinity also was correlated significantly and positively with depth. The abundance of most
of the fishes was correlated positively and significantly with salinity and depth. Lateolabrax japonicus, Trachidermus fasciatus, Acanthogobius hasta, and other gobiid larvae (Gobiidae spp.) were significantly more abundant during high tide; in contrast, Coilia nasus and Neosalanx reganius were most abundant during low tide. The abundance of most of the fishes was higher during high tides at night than during
the day, indicating the existence of STST, which may be strategically associated with ascending progress to upstream nursery
areas. 相似文献
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110.
Yann Gibert Eric Samarut Emmanuel Pasco-Viel Laure Bernard Véronique Borday-Birraux Alexa Sadier Catherine Labbé Laurent Viriot Vincent Laudet 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2015,282(1802)
Small variations in signalling pathways have been linked to phenotypic diversity and speciation. In vertebrates, teeth represent a reservoir of adaptive morphological structures that are prone to evolutionary change. Cyprinid fish display an impressive diversity in tooth number, but the signals that generate such diversity are unknown. Here, we show that retinoic acid (RA) availability influences tooth number size in Cyprinids. Heterozygous adult zebrafish heterozygous for the cyp26b1 mutant that encodes an enzyme able to degrade RA possess an extra tooth in the ventral row. Expression analysis of pharyngeal mesenchyme markers such as dlx2a and lhx6 shows lateral, anterior and dorsal expansion of these markers in RA-treated embryos, whereas the expression of the dental epithelium markers dlx2b and dlx3b is unchanged. Our analysis suggests that changes in RA signalling play an important role in the diversification of teeth in Cyprinids. Our work illustrates that through subtle changes in the expression of rate-limiting enzymes, the RA pathway is an active player of tooth evolution in fish. 相似文献