Biochemical changes during germination and seedling growth in Cuscuta campestris

Changes in the contents of starch, protein, DNA, RNA, total phosphorus, acid soluble phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus, and in the activities of some enzymes of carbohydrate, amino acid, nucleic acid and phosphate metabolism were studied during the germination of Cuscuta campestris seeds. The results are expressed on per seed basis.
Starch content in Cuscuta seeds showed a steady decline with most of it depleted by the end of the eighth day of germination. Protein content increased with germination up to 48 h and then decreased. RNA and DNA contents increased to a maximal level on the fourth day of germination and then decreased. Total phosphorus in the seeds remained almost unchanged during the period of study. Both trichloroacetic acid soluble and inorganic phosphorus increased until the third day and then decreased. Phytin was rapidly hydrolyzed with little being detectable by the seventh day of germination. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased with germination, while fructose bisphosphate aldolase which is indispensable for glycolysis, decreased with germination. Ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease increased till the third and fourth day, respectively, and then decreased. Aspartate and alanine aminotransferases showed a maximum on the second day and then decreased. Activities of alkaline fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and phytase were absent in the dry seeds and appeared only on the second day of germination. Both α- and β-amylase activities were present in the dry seed.     

Hydroxycinnamic acid amides in fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile lines of maize

Hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) amides in fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile lines of maize were determined in reproductive organs, developing grains and cobs. HCA amides occurred in large amounts in the anthers of fertile plants (line F7N) and were absent from the anthers of cytoplasmic male sterile lines (lines F7T and F7C). Restoration of fertility was associated with the production of these compounds (line FC31). Considerable variations were observed in the concentrations of HCA amides at different stages of growth and grain maturation. Changes of HCA amides in the grains which were to produce sterile plants followed a pattern similar to that obtained with the grains which were to produce fertile plants. Accumulation of HCA amides was substantially higher in fertile lines whatever their genotype (F7N, FC31 and F7T x FC31) than in sterile lines. Marked changes occurred in the HCA amide content of embryo and endosperm during grain development. Many changes in HCA amides were observed in cobs during development and maturation, but no substantial differences could be observed between fertile and sterile lines.     

Composés glucidiques et azotés et résistance à la sécheresse chez Ailanthus altissima

In Ailanthus altissima, carbohydrate and protein reserves are mainly localized in the tap-root. Under drought stress they are very quickly hydrolysed. Despite the water deficiency, an increase in starch synthesis is observed in the leaves and stem during the first stages of stress. Stimulation of the cambial activity of the stems and an increase in protein content have also been observed. Chemical analyses have shown a high proline content which increases markedly following drought stress, especially in the tap-root.     

Starch breakdown in the spadix of Arum maculatum

The aim of this work was to discover the pathway of starch breakdown during thermogenesis in the club of the spadix of Arum maculatum. The conventional α-amylase of higher plants could not be demonstrated in extracts of clubs although such extracts did exhibit considerable hydrolytic activity towards starch. This activity had an action pattern characteristic of an endo-amylase, was destroyed by heating to 70°, and was not inhibited by either 7 mM ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid or 100 mM N-ethyl maleimide. Measurements of this hydrolytic activity, and of the maximum catalytic activities of starch phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase and hexokinase, were made at different stages of club development. These measurements were compared with estimates of the rate of starch breakdown at thermogenesis. This comparison indicates that phosphorolytic cleavage does not play a large role in such starch breakdown, and that this process is mediated, mainly, by the hydrolytic activity, described above, and by hexokinase.     

Grain size,sucrose level and starch accumulation in developing rice grain

Five rices (Oryza sativa L.) differing in final grain size were studied at the midmilky stage to determine if any factor could be identified which might limit rate of starch accumulation. Only UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase activity increased with increasing grain size. Detached rice panicles incubated in liquid medium containing 1% sucrose and 0.1% glutamine, in addition to minerals and vitamins, produced grains similar to those on intact plants. Sucrose level (0–1.5%) in the medium determined the extent of dry matter and starch accumulation and influenced physiological development of the ripening grains. Chemical and enzymic composition of the grain were similar to previously reported levels in grains of intact panicles analysed at regular intervals after anthesis. Addition of 3-P glycerate or K⁺ to the medium did not improve dry matter accumulation in the developing grain.     

The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on starch accumulation and net photosynthesis in two variants of Panicum maximum Jacq.

Abstract. Two anatomical variants of Panicum maximum Jacq. were observed to accumulate an unusually large number of starch grains in the bundle sheath chloroplasts when grown under controlled environmental conditions in a nutrient medium containing a low level of nitrate nitrogen (20 mg N dm⁻³ as KNO₃). When these plants were placed under dark conditions the chloroplasts were destarched, but exhibited a marked distortion of the thylakoid membranes. Under a higher level of nitrate nitrogen supply (200 mg N dm⁻³ as KNO₃) the number of starch grains was markedly reduced compared to that observed above in both plant variants. When the nitrogen was supplied as ammonium nitrogen (200 mg N dm⁻³ as NH₄Cl) there was again a high level of starch in the bundle sheath chloroplasts, the level being only slightly lower than that observed at the low KNO₃ supply. An unusually large number of starch grains accumulated in the bundle sheath chloroplasts in the absence of added phosphorus in the nutrient medium, in the presence of the higher nitrate nitrogen level. It is suggested that the increased starch accumulation results from a reduced trans-location of Calvin cycle intermediates out of the chloroplasts into the cytoplasm and that both nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus may play an important role in this process. A good correlation between high net photosynthetic activity and low bundle sheath starch content was observed. Nutrient medium requirements favouring low starch content in chloroplasts also favoured high net photosynthetic rates.     

A semimechanistic mathematical model for growth of Rhizopus oligosporus in a model solid-state fermentation system

A Semimechanistic mathematical model is developed which describes the growth of Rhizopus oligosporus in a model solid-state fermentation system. Equations are presented for the release of glucoamylase, the diffusion of glucoamylase, the hydrolysis of starch, the generation and diffusion of glucose, and the uptake of glucose and conversion into new biomass. Good agreement of the model with the experimental data was obtained only after the glucoamylase diffusivity and the maximum specific glucose uptake rate were altered from their originally determined values. The model recognizes the distributed nature of the solid-state fermentation and therefore is able to predict the concentration profiles of the system components within the substrate. The model provides an insight into the possible rate-limiting steps in solid-state fermentation-the generation of glucose within the substrate and the resulting availability of glucose at the surface.     

Influence de la teneur en oxygène sur la sensibilité de certains stades juvéniles deSitophilus oryzae etS. granarius au dioxyde de carbone

Résumé Certains stades juvéniles de charançons des céréales du genreSitophilus ont été soumis à un séjour prolongé dans des compositions gazeuses modifiées par le dioxyde de carbone (CO₂).Les auteurs se sont placés dans des conditions de teneur en CO₂ constante (50%), associée à des teneurs en oxygène comprises entre 4 et 20%, pour étudier les conditions d'une synergie entre l'effet spécifique du CO₂ et la présence d'une forte teneur résiduelle en oxygène. Les effets ont été observés sur les stades juvéniles les plus évolués (larves et nymphes) des espècesS. oryzae (L.) etS. granarius (L.), (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).L'accroissement de la vitesse de mortalité chezS. oryzae est significative avec l'augmentation de la pression partielle d'oxygène. Cet effet de synergie provoqué par l'oxygène n'est pas significatif avecS. granarius, bien qu'il existe aussi avec cette espèce une tendance à l'amélioration de l'efficacité insecticide à court terme avec les mélanges à forte teneur résiduelle en oxygène.Il en est déduit des hypothèses sur les effets des mélanges gazeux à composition modifiée par le CO₂ au niveau de la physiologie générale de ces insectes, qui est très difficile à appréhender directement à cause du mode de développement des stades juvéniles des charançons (formes cachées dans le grain).     

The purification and characterisation of the two forms of soluble starch synthase from developing pea embryos

Soluble starch synthase was purified 10000-fold from developing embryos of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The activity was resolved into two forms which together account for most if not all of the soluble starchsynthase activity in the embryo. The two isoforms differ in their molecular weights but are similar in many other respects. Their kinetic properties are similar, neither isoform is active in the absence of primer, and both are unstable at high temperatures, the activity being abolished by a 20-min incubation at 45° C. Both isoforms are recognised by antibodies raised to the granule-bound starch synthase of pea. Isoform II, which has the same molecular weight (77 kDa) as the granulebound enzyme, is recognised more strongly than Isoform I.     

The assessment of two barley starch mutants as potential parents in a malting quality breeding programme

Grain and malt quality parameters were assessed in the barley starch mutants Waxy Hector, characterised by high levels of amylopectin, and Chalky Glenn, which has lines of cleavage across the large starch granules. Results were compared with those of their parental cultivars and suggested differences in the contribution of endosperm cell walls to milling energy. Although hot water extracts were not improved, other components, especially those associated with the fractured starch mutant, could be used in breeding programmes to improve aspects of quality, if they could be disassociated from deleterious effects of the starch mutation, e.g. poor grain filling.