东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼资源和渔场的时空变化

根据2005-2008年我国在东南太平洋的智利竹筴鱼大型拖网渔捞日志资料,结合卫星遥感反演的海表温度数据,分析了智利竹筴鱼渔场的年际和季节变化规律以及CPUE与SST的关系。结果表明: 2005和2006年智利竹筴鱼中心渔场的季节变化规律较为类似,而2007年和2008年的春季(9-11月)中心渔场发生了较大的变动;西部海域也存在一定的渔场分布。2005-2008年作业渔场的最适宜SST为13-15℃,随着月份的增加最适温度随之增加,2007、2008年的秋季最适海表温度同2005、2006年相比较有降低的趋势。2005-2007年月平均CPUE与产量重心对应的SST呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。     

舟山渔场渔业资源可持续利用指标体系的构建与评价

以舟山渔场为例,选择了渔业资源环境、社会和经济3个子系统的24个指标,对各子系统的指标体系进行了主成分分析．在此基础上采用灰关联度分析。计算了舟山渔场1954～1990年的相对关联度,以此作为评价舟山渔场渔业资源可持续利用的指标,对舟山渔场的渔业资源可持续利用水平进行了评价．结果表明,1962年前舟山渔场渔业资源的可持续利用水平较低;1962年后可持续利用水平不断上升,在1974达到最高。相对关联度比1962年增加44．78％;1978年后可持续利用水平持续下降,1983年降至最低水平,只有1974年的51．72％．     

川西雅江地区过去567年3—8月干旱变化的树轮重建

使用零信号去趋势法建立了四川甘孜州拉日玛采点川西云杉标准化树轮宽度年表。结果表明: 云杉树轮年表与雅江3—8月一个月时间尺度的标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI1)间存在显著正相关。由树轮年表当年与次年序列重建了雅江地区1442—2008年3—8月SPEI1指数变化,方差解释量达42.8%。重建序列主要揭示了历史时期SPEI1的低频变化。川西雅江地区3—8月SPEI1在过去567年中存在1442—1465年、1516—1601年和1836—2008年3个偏湿阶段,位于其间的为2个偏干阶段;重建序列在1455—1762年间存在显著变干趋势,而1833—1950年具有显著变湿趋势,1959—2008年的变湿趋势最为明显;3—8月SPEI1重建值在1512、1733、1767、1831、1941、1957和1975年发生了从干旱向湿润的突变,而在1684年与1961年则相反。与周边气候重建序列的对比显示,川西雅江地区3—8月SPEI1重建序列的低频变化与青藏高原东北部年降水量和祁连山东段北坡SPEI05指数的变化具有一定相似性。该重建序列对青藏高原东部及青海南部的3—8月SPEI1变化具有较好的代表性。     

Optimal fishery policy for size-specific,density-dependent population models

Optimal harvest policy is derived for a size-specific population model based on the continuity equation. In this model both growth and recruitment rates can depend on either the number of individuals of specific sizes in the population or the level of food available. Necessary conditions for values of fishing pressure and size limit that maximize the present value of the resource are obtained and are interpreted in economic terms. The general solution obtained here reduces to solutions obtained previously for some special cases: the single age-class model, and the linear age-dependent model. Solutions involving constant fishery policy are sought for several different, specific versions of the general model. In each of these versions a constant policy solution is not optimal. This implies that for a general, realistic model the policy that maximizes present value is a time-varying or pulse fishing policy. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed in the light of existing results.     

Barí spear fishing: Advantages to group formation?

A study of spear fishing by the Barí of the Maracaibo Basin provides data demonstrating a benefit accruing to individual fishermen fishing in groups. An analysis of counts of successful and unsuccessful spear thrusts shows that fish are made more vulnerable to spear thrusts by companion fishermen who wear down and confuse the fish. Fish vulnerability is seen to depend on the number of encounters a fish has already survived. This Encounter History effect may be operative in other predator and prey relationships.     

Women's fishing in Oceania

Women's fishing in Oceania has been overlooked in most subsistence studies in the region and, as a consequence, there are few quantitative data available upon which to base an assessment of its importance. However, in the present study, the few data available on women's fishing in Oceania are examined, and these show that women contribute significantly to marine food yields in the region. Also, it is suggested that the highly regular nature of women's fishing makes women more reliable, and therefore more effective than men as suppliers of protein for subsistence. The implications of these findings for future development policies in the region are then discussed.     

Large‐scale coral reef rehabilitation after blast fishing in Indonesia

The severely degraded condition of many coral reefs worldwide calls for active interventions to rehabilitate their physical and biological structure and function, in addition to effective management of fisheries and no‐take reserves. Rehabilitation efforts to stabilize reef substratum sufficiently to support coral growth have been limited in size. We documented a large coral reef rehabilitation in Indonesia aiming to restore ecosystem functions by increasing live coral cover on a reef severely damaged by blast fishing and coral mining. The project deployed small, modular, open structures to stabilize rubble and to support transplanted coral fragments. Between 2013 to 2015, approximately 11,000 structures covering 7,000 m² were deployed over 2 ha of a reef at a cost of US$174,000. Live coral cover on the structures increased from less than 10% initially to greater than 60% depending on depth, deployment date and location, and disturbances. The mean live coral cover in the rehabilitation area in October 2017 was higher than reported for reefs in many other areas in the Coral Triangle, including marine protected areas, but lower than in the no‐take reference reef. At least 42 coral species were observed growing on the structures. Surprisingly, during the massive coral bleaching in other regions during the 2014–2016 El Niño–Southern Oscillation event, bleaching in the rehabilitation area was less than 5% cover despite warm water (≥30°C). This project demonstrates that coral rehabilitation is achievable over large scales where coral reefs have been severely damaged and are under continuous anthropogenic disturbances in warming waters.     

Human-induced Trophic Cascades and Ecological Regime Shifts in the Baltic Sea

Abstract The ecosystems of coastal and enclosed seas are under increasing anthropogenic pressure worldwide, with Chesapeake Bay, the Gulf of Mexico and the Black and Baltic Seas as well known examples. We use an ecosystem model (Ecopath with Ecosim, EwE) to show that reduced top-down control (seal predation) and increased bottom-up forcing (eutrophication) can largely explain the historical dynamics of the main fish stocks (cod, herring and sprat) in the Baltic Sea between 1900 and 1980. Based on these results and the historical fish stock development we identify two major ecological transitions. A shift from seal to cod domination was caused by a virtual elimination of marine mammals followed by a shift from an oligotrophic to a eutrophic state. A third shift from cod to clupeid domination in the late 1980s has previously been explained by overfishing of cod and climatic changes. We propose that the shift from an oligotrophic to a eutrophic state represents a true regime shift with a stabilizing mechanism for a hysteresis phenomenon. There are also mechanisms that could stabilize the shift from a cod to clupeid dominated ecosystem, but there are no indications that the ecosystem has been pushed that far yet. We argue that the shifts in the Baltic Sea are a consequence of human impacts, although variations in climate may have influenced their timing, magnitude and persistence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

抗肿瘤药材—细梗香草规范化种植(GAP)初探

依据国家中药材生产质量管理规范(GAP)为指导原则,经课题组近几年试验研究,初步总结出细梗香草规范化种植(GAP)技术。从提高药材产量、保证药材质量出发,规范了细梗香草各生产环节和生产全过程,为促进细梗香草种植标准化、规范化提供有益的资料,为抗肿瘤新药的研究打下良好的基础。