摘心时期和留蔓数对甜瓜苗期叶面积扩展和功能叶寿命的影响

以2个厚皮甜瓜和1个薄皮甜瓜品种为材料,研究了摘心时期和留蔓数对苗期叶面积扩展和功能叶寿命的影响.结果表明,厚皮甜瓜苗期叶面积发育快于薄皮甜瓜,早熟厚皮甜瓜品种的叶面积发育快于中晚熟品种;甜瓜真叶净光合速率显著大于子叶,厚皮甜瓜的子叶光合速率高于薄皮甜瓜;摘心时预留子蔓数越多,甜瓜幼苗期叶面积扩展速度越快,但留蔓数增加会促进主蔓叶片衰老.从叶面积扩展速度和叶片功能寿命看,五叶期是甜瓜幼苗主蔓摘心的最佳时期,适宜留蔓数则因品种而异.     

Egg cannibalism in Barents Sea capelin in relation to a narrow spawning distribution

The spawning distribution of Barents Sea capelin Mallotus villosus off northern Norway in 2002 was restricted to a narrow area at the easternmost spawning grounds. There was an increase in abundance and a marked shift in aggregation area from east towards west during 11 March to 4 April, as the capelin went from prespawning through spawning to spent stages. The capelin stomachs were either empty or contained capelin eggs, often mixed with sand. Both the occurrence of cannibals and stomach fullness increased with stage of maturity, being highest in spent fish, and higher in males than in females. No differences were found between cannibals and non-cannibals of the same sex when adjusted for total length ( L _T), age, L _T at age and condition factor. At similar stomach fullness, the females had consumed more eggs than the males. This was attributed to a higher proportion of empty and broken eggs and less sand in females compared to males. In the full stomachs, the mean consumption in females and males was 623 and 334 eggs, respectively, whereas the respective maximum egg consumption was 871 and 683 eggs. The minimum estimates (given no digestion) of mean ± 95% CL egg consumption in spent females and males were 75·4 ± 6·9 and 58·4 ± 12·0 eggs, respectively, implying a minimum mortality of 1–2% of the total egg production caused by cannibalism.     

Improving the Flexibility and Efficiency of Phase II Designs for Oncology Trials

Summary Phase II trials in oncology are usually conducted as single-arm two-stage designs with binary endpoints. Currently available adaptive design methods are tailored to comparative studies with continuous test statistics. Direct transfer of these methods to discrete test statistics results in conservative procedures and, therefore, in a loss in power. We propose a method based on the conditional error function principle that directly accounts for the discreteness of the outcome. It is shown how application of the method can be used to construct new phase II designs that are more efficient as compared to currently applied designs and that allow flexible mid-course design modifications. The proposed method is illustrated with a variety of frequently used phase II designs.     

三峡库区重庆段钉螺孳生条件

三峡工程的修建使得长江水生环境发生了变化,同时水库的阶段性蓄、放水使得阶段性淹没的江洲滩增加,更加有利于挺、浮水植物的繁殖,从而可能形成适合日本血吸虫(Schistosoma japonicum)的惟一中间宿主———钉螺(Oncomelania hupensis)的生长环境。本文在钉螺生活习性的基础上,结合数字高程模型(DEM)和相关的气象资料以及水库的蓄放水规律,从气候、淹没时间、植被、水库的蓄放水时间等角度对三峡库区钉螺孽生条件进行了分析。从气候上看,阶段性淹没区能够满足钉螺生长的需要;然而,水库冬季蓄水、夏季放水的周期与钉螺生长需求并不完全相同,尤其是冬季的高水位对钉螺生长十分不利。因此,水库的修建并不一定会造成钉螺的孽生和血吸虫的流行。     

水稻籼爪重组自交系群体芽期耐旱性鉴定

以20%PEG-6000作渗透介质,模拟干旱条件,芽期处理水稻籼爪重组自交系7天,测定处理后的胚根长、芽长、芽干重。以各性状相对值的耐旱级别而得出的耐旱总级别为指标,筛选出8个耐旱株系,它们可作为耐旱资源在育种和耐旱机理研究中应用。     

不同生育阶段夜温升高对双季水稻物质生产与养分吸收的影响

利用2间玻璃室内夜间不同的温度条件,研究了水稻生长期间夜温升高对双季早、晚稻物质生产和养分积累的影响.结果表明:播种-幼穗分化期夜温升高增加早稻的干物质积累,而减少晚稻的干物质积累;幼穗分化期-抽穗的夜温升高对早、晚稻的干物质积累均有一定的负作用;抽穗后的夜温升高对早稻物质生产影响较小,但降低其茎鞘物质的转运,而晚稻的干物质生产和茎鞘物质的转运均提高.在早稻幼穗分化前夜温适度升高有利于提高根系活力,促进植株养分的积累,但不利于晚稻植株养分的积累;幼穗分化-抽穗期间的夜温升高均不利于早、晚稻植株的养分积累;灌浆结实期的夜温升高会造成早稻根系早衰,不利于养分吸收,但有利于保持晚稻根系较高活力,促进养分吸收.试验证明,不同生育阶段的夜温升高对双季水稻不同生育阶段的干物质生产和养分吸收的影响是不同的.     

The evolutionary pattern of early life history in water currents

Explanation of the characteristics of the early developmental stage of organisms is an important problem in evolutionary biology. In studies to date, evolutionary biologists have proposed some theories that successfully explain egg size variation. Mesoscale water movements may transport early life stage organisms in the aquatic biosphere. We propose a novel biological view to explain the duration of the retention period at the spawning ground and egg size variations in aquatic organisms with a planktonic stage at least during the early part of their life history. We develop a life history model of the early life stage of such aquatic organisms that takes into account their adaptations to water currents and biotic environmental gradients in the currents. We hypothesize that the distance from the spawning grounds to the nursery grounds and the biological richness of the currents affect the adaptive life history design of these aquatic organisms, including adaptive retention time at the spawning ground and egg size. Various studies of fish biology describe in passing phenomena that suggest the validity of our deductions, but explicit empirical attempts to evaluate our predictions in the field of evolutional biology are needed.     

Responses of salt-tolerant and intolerant wheat genotypes to sodium chloride: Photosynthesis,antioxidants activities,and yield

Physiological responses of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (salt-tolerant DK961 and salt-sensitive JN17) to increased salt concentrations (50, 100, 150 mM NaCl: NaCl⁵⁰, NaCl¹⁰⁰, NaCl¹⁵⁰) were studied. Photosynthetic capacity, irradiance response curves, contents of soluble sugars, proteins, and chlorophyll (Chl), K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, and activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) in flag leaves were measured on 7 d after anthesis. In control (NaCl⁰) plants, non-significant (p>0.05) differences were found in gas exchange and saturation irradiance (SI) between salt-tolerant (ST) and salt-sensitive (SS) wheat genotypes. However, we found higher soluble sugar and protein contents, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, and antioxidant enzyme activities, but lower Chl content and yield in ST wheat. Salinity stresses remarkably increased soluble sugar and protein contents and the antioxidant activities, but decreased K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, Chl contents, SI, photosynthetic capacities, and yield, the extent being considerably larger in JN17 than DK961. Although the soluble sugar and protein contents and the antioxidant activities of JN17 elevated more evidently under salt stresses, those variables never reached the high levels of DK961. The antioxidant enzyme activities of SS wheat increased in NaCl⁵⁰ and NaCl¹⁰⁰, but decreased rapidly when the NaCl concentration reached 150 mM. Thus the ST wheat could maintain higher grain yield than the SS one by remaining higher osmoregulation and antioxidative abilities, which led to higher photosynthetic capacity. Hence the ST wheat could harmonize the relationship between CO₂ assimilation (source) and the grain yield (sink) under the experimental conditions.     

Backward bifurcation,equilibrium and stability phenomena in a three-stage extended BRSV epidemic model

In this paper we consider the phenomenon of backward bifurcation in epidemic modelling illustrated by an extended model for Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) amongst cattle. In its simplest form, backward bifurcation in epidemic models usually implies the existence of two subcritical endemic equilibria for R ₀ < 1, where R ₀ is the basic reproductive number, and a unique supercritical endemic equilibrium for R ₀ > 1. In our three-stage extended model we find that more complex bifurcation diagrams are possible. The paper starts with a review of some of the previous work on backward bifurcation then describes our three-stage model. We give equilibrium and stability results, and also provide some biological motivation for the model being studied. It is shown that backward bifurcation can occur in the three-stage model for small b, where b is the common per capita birth and death rate. We are able to classify the possible bifurcation diagrams. Some realistic numerical examples are discussed at the end of the paper, both for b small and for larger values of b.      

Phenoloxidase activation in the embryo of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis and responses to the Ag and Cu exposure

The prophenoloxidase (proPO) system catalyzing the melanin production is considered as implicated in the innate immune system in invertebrates. The phenoloxidase (PO)-like activity was detected in the cuttlefish embryo sampled at the end of the organogenesis and few hours before hatching. Various modulators of the PO activity were used to assess the triggering of the proPO activating system. The results demonstrated the evidence of a true PO activity in the cuttlefish embryo. However, SDS and LPS granted contrasting effects on the PO-like activity between the developmental stages suggesting a progressive maturation of the proPO system from the embryonic to the juvenile stages. In eggs exposed to dissolved trace metals all along the embryonic development, Ag (1.2 μg L⁻¹) inhibited the PO-like activity in the cuttlefish embryo except at hatching time, suggesting the synthesis of a new “juvenile” form of the PO enzyme. In similar conditions as for Ag, Cu (230 μg L⁻¹) stimulated and then inhibited the PO-like activity according to a progressive metal accumulation within the egg and suggesting the occurrence of a threshold, above which the toxicity of the essential metal reduced the PO activity.