水飞蓟萌发期和苗期对盐胁迫的生长生理响应

为了探讨水飞蓟萌发期和苗期对盐胁迫的响应,比较不同水飞蓟类型耐盐性的强弱,以黑色果皮（SD）和白色果皮（HW）2个类型水飞蓟为材料,用不同浓度NaCl（0、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%、0.7%、0.9%）溶液处理种子和幼苗,观察种子发芽势、发芽率和芽苗和幼苗生长及其生理生化特征。结果表明:（1）NaCl胁迫下,水飞蓟种子发芽率、发芽势下降,芽苗生长表现为低浓度促进高浓度（HW为≥0.5%,SD为≥0.3%）抑制,且盐分对子叶长、胚轴长和鲜重影响较大,对干重无显著影响。（2）盐胁迫下水飞蓟幼苗叶片中MDA含量升高,光合色素（Chl a、Chl b、Car）含量下降,幼苗生长表现为低浓度促进高浓度（HW为≥0.9%,SD为≥0.7%）抑制;植株体内可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量及保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性先升高后降低,脯氨酸含量则持续增加,其中保护酶活性在0.7% NaCl处理下较对照显著下降,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量在0.9% NaCl处理下较对照显著下降。研究发现,在水飞蓟种子萌发期,盐分主要通过改变种子吸涨能力来影响芽苗生长;在苗期,水飞蓟幼苗主要通过提高渗透物质含量和保护酶活性来缓解盐分造成的伤害;水飞蓟萌发期和苗期耐盐性有所差别,萌发期耐盐能力明显低于苗期,2个类型水飞蓟耐盐性强弱表现为白色果皮类型＞黑色果皮类型。     

花期苹果树冠氮素营养状况的卫星遥感反演

以山东栖霞为研究区,基于TM和ALOS影像获取花期苹果树的冠层反演反射率,结合实测反射率,构建并筛选氮素敏感光谱指数,以敏感光谱指数为自变量,建立氮素反演模型,利用精度最高模型进行空间反演.结果表明： 光谱指数与氮素营养相关性为：冠层＞叶＞花,敏感指数构成以绿、红、近红外波段为主;反演模型精度为：支持向量机回归＞逐步回归＞单变量回归;基于不同影像的反演结果近似,叶N含量均以3～4等(27～33 g·kg^-1)为主,冠N指标均以2～4等(TM: 38～47 g·kg^-1; ALOS: 32～41 g·kg^-1)为主;基于不同影像的空间布局亦类似,研究区北部和南部的营养水平高于中部,叶N和冠N高等级区域位于西北部的苏家店镇和松山街道、东北部的臧家庄镇和亭口镇、南部的蛇窝泊镇等,与苹果生产重点镇布局一致.此研究为果树营养状况的宏观数据获取提供了可行方法,也可为其他类似遥感反演提供借鉴.     

玉米苗期抗旱促生微生物拌种剂应用效果初报

采用微生物拌种剂进行拌种处理和田间小区对比试验,研究微生物拌种剂在田间的应用效果。结果表明,使用微生物拌种剂可促进玉米根系发育,增加玉米株高、植株干物质积累和百粒重,出苗率提高4.6%,增产4.2%。试验结果为微生物拌种剂的推广应用提供了科学依据。     

Important crab resources inhabiting Hokkaido waters

In this paper the fishing grounds, fluctuations in catches, history of exploitation, classification, distribution, migration, life history and resource trends of the edible crabs of the waters around Hokkaido are discussed. The Hokkaido crab fisheries developed along with the canning industry and there is now an increasing demand for boiled crab. At first, the most popular species was the king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica, but as its numbers declined other species such as the horsehair crab, Erimacrus isenbeckii, the banasaki crab, Paralithodes brevipes, the snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, and the red snow crab, Chionoecetes japonicus, became popular. This report is based on the results of the latest research into the ecology and resources of the Erimacrus isenbeckii and Paralithodes brevipes species, which are currently the focus of resource conservation in Hokkaido.     

The extensive bloom of alternate-stage Prymnesium polylepis (Haptophyta) in the Baltic Sea during autumn–spring 2007–2008

During autumn 2007, an unusual increase in an algal species belonging to the order Prymnesiales was observed throughout the Baltic Sea Proper during routine national monitoring. Electron microscopical examination of the blooming species showed two types of flat scales – small and large – that resembled those of the alternate stage of Prymnesium polylepis. No spine-bearing scales were found. The 18S rDNA sequence data (n?=?20, c. 1500?bp) verified the species identification as P. polylepis. There was up to 0.5% (7?bp) variability in the P. polylepis partial 18?S rDNA sequences from the Baltic Sea. These environmental sequences differed by 0–0.35% (0–4?bp) from cultured P. polylepis (isolate UIO036), and by 1.0–3.7% from other available Prymnesium sequences. The number of cells assumed to be P. polylepis began to increase in October 2007 coincidently with significantly calm and dry weather, and at their maximum the cells accounted for over 80% of the total phytoplankton biovolume in December–January. During February–April 2008, 95% of the Prymnesiales cells were in the size class of P. polylepis (>6?µm). The species attained bloom concentrations (>1?×?10⁶?cells?l^–1) from March to May 2008. The species was observed throughout the Baltic Sea, except the Bothnian Bay, Gulf of Riga and the Kattegat. No toxic effects of the bloom were observed.     

Effect of bilateral eyestalk ablation on ovarian development and moulting in early and late intermoult stages of female spiny lobster Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Abstract

The present study describes the effect of bilateral eyestalk ablation (BESA) on reproduction and moulting of spiny lobster Panulirus homarus females in their early and late intermoult stages. The lobsters obtained from the wild were conditioned for the experiment. The experiments were conducted at the Calicut research centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, India. Eyestalk ablation of females was done by ligation. The responses of the bilaterally eyestalk-ablated lobsters were statistically analysed. BESA conducted on the early and late intermoult stages resulted in the simultaneous acceleration of the somatic growth and reproductive processes with higher emphasis for oogenesis in lobsters ablated in the early intermoult phase and comparatively lower activity in those ablated in the late intermoult phase. Ablation in late intermoult phase resulted in faster entry into the premoult stage compared to the control.     

The PHIST protein GEXP02 targets the host cytoskeleton during sexual development of Plasmodium falciparum

A hallmark of the biology of Plasmodium falciparum blood stage parasites is their extensive host cell remodelling, facilitated by parasite proteins that are exported into the erythrocyte. Although this area has received extensive attention, only a few exported parasite proteins have been analysed in detail, and much of this remodelling process remains unknown, particularly for gametocyte development. Recent advances to induce high rates of sexual commitment enable the production of large numbers of gametocytes. We used this approach to study the Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric (PHIST) protein GEXP02, which is expressed during sexual development. We show by immunofluorescence that GEXP02 is exported to the gametocyte‐infected host cell periphery. Co‐immunoprecipitation revealed potential interactions between GEXP02 and components of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton as well as other exported parasite proteins. This indicates that GEXP02 targets the erythrocyte cytoskeleton and is likely involved in its remodelling. GEXP02 knock‐out parasites show no obvious phenotype during gametocyte maturation, transmission through mosquitoes, and hepatocyte infection, suggesting auxiliary or redundant functions for this protein. In summary, we performed a detailed cellular and biochemical analysis of a sexual stage‐specific exported parasite protein using a novel experimental approach that is broadly applicable to study the biology of P. falciparum gametocytes.     

芝麻营养生长期枯萎病抗性鉴定技术研究

芝麻枯萎病是芝麻主要真菌病害之一,由尖孢镰刀菌芝麻专化型(FOS,Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.sesami)引起,主要在苗期和成株期发生。为精准评价营养生长时期(2对真叶~现蕾)芝麻种质对FOS菌株的抗性水平,试验分析了FOS菌液浓度、蘸根接菌时间、致病力等条件下芝麻种质枯萎病病症及病情指数变化规律,建立了营养生长期芝麻枯萎病抗性精准鉴定方法。结果表明,1×10^6 cfu/mL^5×10^6 cfu/mL浓度下,植株蘸根接菌处理1~2周即可发病;第4周样本枯萎病病情指数趋于稳定。上述方法反映不同芝麻种质营养生长期对FOS菌株的抗性水平以及不同FOS菌株的致病力。营养生长期芝麻枯萎病发生可分为0~4级共5个等级。采用上述鉴定方法对42份芝麻种质进行抗枯萎病鉴定结果显示,野生种Sesamum radiatum Thonn.ex Hornem.高抗枯萎病(DI=0),而S.angustifolium(Oliv.)Engl.高感枯萎病(DI=100)。40份栽培种资源中,高感(HS)种质比例极高(55%),抗病种质比例较低(27.5%)。研究结果为深入开展芝麻抗枯萎病遗传机理分析提供了技术支持。     

Potential vector switching in the evolution of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus group nematodes (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)

To show the importance of vector switching of nematodes in the evolution of the Bursaphelenchus xylophilus group, we tested a hypothesis that “Bursaphelenchus doui (or its ancestor) was transferred by Acalolepta fraudatrix, Acalolepta sejuncta, and/or Monochamus subfasciatus (or their ancestral species) from broad‐leaved trees to conifers, switched vectors from these cerambycid beetles to Monochamus beetles in conifers, and then evolved into the common ancestor of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus and B. xylophilus.” We used a simple nematode‐loading method to beetles and produced 20 binary combinations of five B. xylophilus group species and four cerambycid beetle species in the tribe Lamiini. The affinity of the nematodes for the beetles was examined based on phoretic stage formation of the nematodes. Phoretic stages of B. doui appeared in all beetle species examined, namely Acalolepta luxuriosa, Psacothea hilaris, A. fraudatrix, and Monochamus alternatus, although the affinity of the nematode for M. alternatus was weak. This finding indicates that B. doui could switch vectors to conifer‐using Monochamus beetles after transfer by A. fraudatrix from broad‐leaved trees to conifers. We conclude that vector switching of nematodes could have potentially happened during the evolutionary history of the B. xylophilus group.     

Polysaccharide structure of tetrasporic red seaweed Tichocarpus crinitus

Sulfated polysaccharide isolated from tetrasporic plants of Tichocarpus crinitus was investigated. The polysaccharide was isolated by two methods: with water extraction at 80 °C (HT) and with a mild alkaline extraction (AE). The extracted polysaccharides were presented by non-gelling ones only, while galactose and 3,6-AG were the main monosaccharides, at the same time amount of 3,6-AG in AE polysaccharides was the similar to that of HT. According to methods of spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, the polysaccharide from tetrasporic T. crinitus contains main blocks of 1,3-linked β-d-galactopyranosyl-2,4-disulfates and 1,4-linked 3,6-anhydro-α-d-galactopyranosyl while 6-sulfated 4-linked galactopyranosyl resudies are randomly distributed along the polysaccharide chain. The alkaline treatment of HT polysaccharide results in obtaining polysaccharide with regular structure that composed of alternating 1,3-linked β-d-galactopyranosyl-2,4-disulfates and 1,4-linked 3,6-anhydro-α-d-galactopyranosyl residues. Native polysaccharide (HT) possessed both high anticoagulant and antiplatelet activity measured by fibrin clotting and platelet aggregation induced by collagen. This activity could be connected with peculiar chemical structure of HT polysaccharide which has high sulfation degree and contains also 3,6-anhydrogalactose in the polymer chain.