红颈常室茧蜂蛹发育的形态特征

红颈常室茧蜂Peristenus spretus Chen et van Achterberg是一种绿盲蝽若虫的优势内寄生蜂,本研究利用超景深三维显微系统、显微镜观察了红颈常室茧蜂老熟幼虫发育特征、蛹形态特征及蛹发育后期卵巢的超微结构。结果表明:红颈常室茧蜂蛹期为12～15 d,其中雌蛹期比雄蛹期长2～3 d。根据其形态特征,可将蛹划分为预蛹期、第一蛹阶段、第二蛹阶段、第三蛹阶段。蛹期发育前9 d,蛹期组织结构开始分化形成,成蜂的外部形态基本显现,但性别难以区分;蛹期发育至10～14 d,可通过幼蜂体表颜色的变化或腹部末端的形状区分性别,在相同的适宜温度条件下,雌蜂比雄蜂颜色深,雌蜂腹部末端比较尖,有突出的产卵瓣,雄峰腹部末端钝圆,无凸起;雌蜂卵巢在化蛹后的第11天开始形成,卵巢初期的形状如细丝,此时卵巢管已开始初步分化,但卵室尚未分化;蛹发育至第12天时,卵巢管逐渐加粗,卵室开始分化;第13天时,卵巢管、卵室数量逐渐增多;第14天卵巢基部开始有少量成熟卵子产生,呈乳白色。10～12 d,雄蜂腹部末端绒毛逐渐增多,体壁变硬,逐渐角质化,虫体可活动,雄蜂胸部略带黑色,翅逐渐伸展开,整个虫体呈浅红棕色。本研究结果明确了红颈常室茧蜂蛹发育的形态变化过程,提出了蛹期雌雄区分的方法,叙述了蛹后期卵巢发育特征,为研究该蜂繁殖机理奠定了形态学基础。     

不同株型芝麻种质湿害后产量性状研究及耐湿性评价

于盛花期对66份种质进行湿害处理,结果表明:湿害对单秆型和分枝型种质的产量性状影响差异明显,对单秆型芝麻产量性状的影响(湿害指数值)大小依次为单株种子干重(69.18%)蒴果数(67.48%)有效果节数(49.10%)有效果轴长度(45.69%)株高(16.40%),对分枝性芝麻的影响依次为分枝有效果节数(65.96%)分枝蒴果数(64.73%)总蒴果数(52.01%)单株种子干重(49.92%)主茎蒴果数(41.66%)主茎有效果轴长度(37.57%)有效分枝数(34.21%)主茎有效果节数(20.12%)株高(15.43%);湿害对三蒴型芝麻的侧位蒴果影响较大,对单秆三蒴型芝麻的影响为侧位蒴果数(92.25%)中位蒴果数(50.25%),对分枝三蒴型芝麻的影响为分枝侧位蒴果数(92.86%)主茎侧位蒴果数(69.14%)分枝中位蒴果数(44.17%)主茎中位蒴果数(32.97%)。根据相对湿害产量可以将供试种质聚为耐湿与不耐湿二大类,不耐湿类型种质61份,占92.42%;耐湿类型种质5份,占7.58%,为竹山白芝麻、西平二郎花、阜南芝麻、嘉兴紧口黑和麻城黑芝麻,可作为耐湿种质加以利用。     

Effects of three different cultivars of cruciferous plants on the age‐stage,two‐sex life table traits of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Plutella xylostella is an important pest of cruciferous crops worldwide. However, information regarding the age‐stage, two‐sex life parameters of P. xylostella, which is vital for designing more effective control methods, is currently lacking. The present study reports age‐stage, two‐sex life table parameters for P. xylostella on napa cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. napa), white cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata), and cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis) under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 2°C, 50–60% relative humidity, and a 16‐h light : 8‐h dark photoperiod. The time for development from an egg to a male or female adult P. xylostella on white cabbage (mean [± SE] 41.15 ± 0.54 and 39.50 ± 0.54 days, respectively) was significantly longer than that on cauliflower and napa cabbage. Furthermore, P. xylostella fecundity on cauliflower (261.90 ± 4.53 eggs female) was significantly highest than on napa cabbage and white cabbage. Intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were highest on cauliflower 0.182 day^?1 and 1.199 day^?1 respectively as comparison to napa cabbage and white cabbage. The highest gross reproductive rate (GRR) and net reproductive rates (R₀) of P. xylostella 65.87 and 52.58 respectively on cauliflower then those of other hosts. The findings of the present study indicate that cauliflower is the most suitable cultivar (host) for the development of P. xylostella. Based on these findings, crops like cauliflower can be used as trap crops when napa cabbage and white cabbage are the main crops.     

Biotechnological challenges of bioartificial kidney engineering

With the world-wide increase of patients with renal failure, the development of functional renal replacement therapies have gained significant interest and novel technologies are rapidly evolving. Currently used renal replacement therapies insufficiently remove accumulating waste products, resulting in the uremic syndrome. A more preferred treatment option is kidney transplantation, but the shortage of donor organs and the increasing number of patients waiting for a transplant warrant the development of novel technologies. The bioartificial kidney (BAK) is such promising biotechnological approach to replace essential renal functions together with the active secretion of waste products. The development of the BAK requires a multidisciplinary approach and evolves at the intersection of regenerative medicine and renal replacement therapy. Here we provide a concise review embracing a compact historical overview of bioartificial kidney development and highlighting the current state-of-the-art, including implementation of living-membranes and the relevance of extracellular matrices. We focus further on the choice of relevant renal epithelial cell lines versus the use of stem cells and co-cultures that need to be implemented in a suitable device. Moreover, the future of the BAK in regenerative nephrology is discussed.     

Background processes at the population level during succession in grasslands on sand

Two population characteristics, reproductive allocation (RA) and the intensity of photosynthesis, were investigated in the successional stages of the sandy grassland communities of the Great Hungarian Plain. Most of the species studied changed their allocational response as succession advanced. Compound path schemes, as casual models, were constructed and analysed for describing intra-individual effects (influence of assimilating organs and root mass of the plant sampled) as well as the phytosociological effects on RA. In pioneer stages, the high values of path coefficients show that the effect of assimilating organs is responsible for the variability of RA. It is also shown that annuals and perennials exhibit different behaviour as to the regulation of RA. It seems that-in terms of path analysis-the reproduction of annuals is influenced by internal factors only. In case of perennials, an external (namely phytosociological) regulation was also observed. It is suggested that successional stages play a role in regulating the photosynthetic intensity of both the dominant species and the whole plant assemblage.Abbreviations RA = Reproductive Allocation     

湖南湘潭地区空心莲子草叶甲自然种群的越冬虫态与越冬生境

卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja和拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani是小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)的优势寄生蜂。本研究利用“Y”型管测定了2种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾P. xylostella利他素-卵表和腹部鳞片13种饱和烷烃的嗅觉反应。结果显示: 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂交配雌蜂进入2, 6, 10, 14-四甲基十五烷、正十五烷、正十七烷处理区的百分数分别为80.65%, 68.75%和66.67%, 表明这3种烷烃对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂交配雌蜂有显著的吸引作用, 其他10种饱和烷烃对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂雌蜂无明显作用。拟澳洲赤眼蜂进入2, 6, 10, 14-四甲基十五烷、正三十五烷和正十五烷处理区的数目分别占84.38%, 70%和62.16%, 表明其对拟澳洲赤眼蜂交配雌蜂起着显著的吸引作用, 而另外10种烷烃对拟澳洲赤眼蜂雌蜂无作用。卷蛾分索赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂未交配雄蜂进入13种烷烃处理区和对照区的时间均无显著差异, 表明利他素各组分对2种赤眼蜂未交配雄蜂均无吸引作用。     

糜子育成品种芽期抗旱性鉴定与评价研究

采用PEG6000胁迫处理对国内不同地区育成的56个糜子品种的芽期抗旱性进行了鉴定,并用直接评价和综合评价法对其抗旱性进行了评价。结果表明:经20%(W/V)PEG6000处理的56个品种与对照相比性状之间差异显著,品种抗旱性存在较大差异。用直接评价法和综合评价法相结合鉴定出强抗旱性品种3份,分别是晋黍2号、陇糜5号和陇糜8号。相对发芽率、相对芽干重、相对根干重、贮藏物质相对转运率4项指标可作为糜子芽期抗旱性鉴定评价指标,相对发芽率法和加权隶属函数值法是比较理想的糜子芽期抗旱性评价方法。     

濒危树种格木天然群体自由授粉子代苗期生长变异

格木是我国热带和南亚热带地区主要的珍稀濒危树种之一,具有重要的经济和生态价值。本文应用从格木主要天然分布区收集的6个群体的种子进行育苗试验,揭示格木天然群体子代芽苗和幼苗生长变异状况及其与种子性状、亲本环境因子间的相关性。结果表明,格木天然群体子代芽苗和幼苗表型性状在群体间和群体内均存在丰富的变异,苗高的变异高于地径,苗期选择以高生长为主。格木苗期生长与种子的大小、千粒重相关显著,胚根长度与经度、地径与年均气温、高径比与海拔均存在显著的相关性(p＜0.05)。研究结果为深入开展格木良种选育奠定了基础,亦将有助于其天然资源的保护经营和人工种植业的发展。     

辽宁和江苏两省杂草稻植物性状多样性

辽宁和江苏两省是我国杂草稻(Oryza sativa f. spontanea)发生最为严重的地区之一, 为明确两省杂草稻识别特征和类型, 我们在两省14个市29个样点采集样品, 与当地栽培水稻品种一并在南京种植, 观测了营养生长期和生殖生长期的23个植物性状。结果表明, 两省杂草稻在营养生长期的1月株高、1月和2月分蘖数, 在生殖生长期的果皮色、谷粒长/宽比、百粒重、落粒性、秆硬度、剑叶宽、剑叶长、有效穗数、50%黄熟、50%黄熟–50%抽穗和全黄熟等性状与相应的当地栽培稻存在差异;主成分1和主成分2组成的二维散点图(累计贡献率达43.24%)也显示出两省杂草稻间以及与栽培稻间的差异性。采用欧氏距离对两省杂草稻进行系统聚类可以将杂草稻分为籼型和粳型。其中辽宁省杂草稻全部聚在粳型类群中, 它们又可细分为两类; 江苏省杂草稻既有粳型, 又有籼型, 其中粳型与辽宁省杂草稻聚在粳型类群中, 籼型又可分为3类。这6个类群分别具有如下突出特点: 第1类为强落粒、粒轻、秆矮、早熟、偏粳等; 第2类为无芒、穗多、强休眠、剑叶窄、偏粳等; 第3类为长芒、弱分蘖、穗少、弱落粒、偏粳等; 第4类为硬秆、剑叶宽、迟熟、强休眠、偏籼等; 第5类为红果皮、粒长、软秆、粒重、偏籼等; 第6类为无芒、株高、穗长、剑叶长、偏籼等。上述杂草稻的形态学指标和类型的研究将为两省开展杂草稻危害防治工作提供理论依据。     

Soil depth- and root diameter-related variations affect root decomposition in temperate pine and oak forests

Aims Assessment of factors regulating root decomposition is needed to understand carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of soil depth and root diameter on root decomposition and to analyze the relationship of root decomposition with factors such as soil environmental conditions and initial litter quality.