利多卡因经气管内给药和静脉给药对全麻苏醒期患者镇静镇痛效果、血流动力学和呛咳反应的影响

摘要 目的：探讨利多卡因经气管内给药和静脉给药对全麻苏醒期患者镇静镇痛效果、血流动力学和呛咳反应的影响。方法：选取2018年3月~2019年8月于我院在气管内全麻下完成泌尿外科、腹部外科并预计于术后可以迅速拔除气管导管的患者63例,上述患者根据随机数字表法分为A组（n=31）和B组（n=32）,A组患者给予利多卡因静脉给药,B组患者给予利多卡因经气管内给药,比较两组患者苏醒时间、拔管时间、镇静镇痛效果、血流动力学及呛咳反应。结果：两组苏醒时间、拔管时间组间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组插管时、拔管时、拔管后10 min心率（HR）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）均呈先升高后降低趋势,且B组插管时、拔管时、拔管后10 min的HR、SBP、DBP均低于A组（P<0.05）。两组拔管时、拔管后10 min组内及组间镇静-躁动评分(SAS)比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;两组拔管后10 min疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分高于拔管时,但B组低于A组（P<0.05）。B组患者插管时、拔管时呛咳反应发生率均低于A组（P<0.05）。结论：与静脉给药相比,全麻苏醒期患者给予利多卡因经气管内给药,镇静镇痛效果确切,可减轻血流波动,降低插管时、拔管时呛咳反应发生率。     

Global changes may be promoting a rise in select cyanobacteria in nutrient‐poor northern lakes

The interacting effects of global changes—including increased temperature, altered precipitation, reduced acidification and increased dissolved organic matter loads to lakes—are anticipated to create favourable environmental conditions for cyanobacteria in northern lakes. However, responses of cyanobacteria to these global changes are complex, if not contradictory. We hypothesized that absolute and relative biovolumes of cyanobacteria (both total and specific genera) are increasing in Swedish nutrient‐poor lakes and that these increases are associated with global changes. We tested these hypotheses using data from 28 nutrient‐poor Swedish lakes over 16 years (1998–2013). Increases in cyanobacteria relative biovolume were identified in 21% of the study sites, primarily in the southeastern region of Sweden, and were composed mostly of increases from three specific genera: Merismopedia, Chroococcus and Dolichospermum. Taxon‐specific changes were related to different environmental stressors; that is, increased surface water temperature favoured higher Merismopedia relative biovolume in low pH lakes with high nitrogen to phosphorus ratios, whereas acidification recovery was statistically related to increased relative biovolumes of Chroococcus and Dolichospermum. In addition, enhanced dissolved organic matter loads were identified as potential determinants of Chroococcus suppression and Dolichospermum promotion. Our findings highlight that specific genera of cyanobacteria benefit from different environmental changes. Our ability to predict the risk of cyanobacteria prevalence requires consideration of the environmental condition of a lake and the sensitivities of the cyanobacteria genera within the lake. Regional patterns may emerge due to spatial autocorrelations within and among lake history, rates and direction of environmental change and the niche space occupied by specific cyanobacteria.     

Success of active restoration in grasslands: a case study of birds in southern Brazil

Grasslands in southeastern South America have been extensively converted to various land uses such as agriculture, threatening regional biodiversity. Active restoration has been viewed as a management alternative for recovery of degraded areas worldwide, although most studies are conducted in forests and none has evaluated the effect of active restoration of grasslands in southeastern South America. From 2015 through 2017 we monitored a federally owned tract of grassland from the beginning of the active‐restoration process. We compared the bird community in this active‐restoration area (AR) with a reference area (NG) in Pampa grasslands in southern Brazil. We sampled birds by point counts and surveyed vegetation structure in plots. Over the 3 years of active restoration, bird species richness and abundance were higher in AR (30 species, 171 individuals) than NG (22 species, 154 individuals). The species composition also differed between the two habitats. Grassland bird species were present in both AR and NG. The vegetation structure differed between AR and NG in five attributes: height, short and tall grasses, herbs, and shrubs. Since it has been found that active restoration is useful in promoting species diversity, we encourage studies of the use of long‐term restoration efforts. Our study, even on a local scale, showed a rapid recovery of the bird community in the active‐restoration compared to native grassland, and suggests the potential for recovery of the degraded grasslands of the Brazilian Pampa biome.     

Endozoochory of a dry‐fruited tree aids quarry passive restoration and seed soaking further increases seedling emergence

As practitioners promote passive restoration as a complementary approach to technical reclamation, it is imperative to know its drivers. Although the consequences of endozoochory can be crucial to passive restoration success, few experimental studies assess the use of heavily disturbed sites by seed dispersers such as carnivores and how the seeds they bring in emerge and survive. Using an indoor sowing experiment conducted in a quarry located within a natural park in Portugal, we examined for the first time how carnivore endozoochorous seeds collected in the quarry potentially influence its passive restoration, through effects on plant emergence and survival. Also, we tested whether sowing date and water soaking, relevant factors when sowings are to be carried out, would affect seedling emergence and mortality rates when compared with the effect of endozoochory. Our target species were included in the revegetation plan of the quarry, of which endozoochorous seeds of Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua) were collected in sufficient number for analysis. Irrespective of the carnivore species, endozoochorous carob seeds performed similarly to untreated seeds regarding emergence rates. Endozoochorous carob seedlings showed greater mortality rates but the net result for the plant can still be the colonization of recently vacant habitats by a large proportion of viable seeds. Concerning sowing date, the later carob seeds were sown over the fruit‐ripening season the faster seedlings emerged. Water soaking increased emergence rate by 6.5 times. Broadly, sowings with previous soaking and carnivore‐mediated seed dispersal of this dry‐fruited tree can jointly enhance quarry restoration.     

Swift production of rhamnolipid biosurfactant,biopolymer and synthesis of biosurfactant-wrapped silver nanoparticles and its enhanced oil recovery

Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is a kind of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) development, often used as a tertiary stage where oil recovery is no longer possible utilizing primary and secondary conventional techniques. Among a few potential natural operators valuable for MEOR, biosurfactants, biopolymers and biosurfactant based nanoparticles assume key jobs. Biosurfactant which are produced by microorganisms’ act as are surface active agents that can be used as an alternative to chemically synthesized surfactants. Pseudomonas aeruginosa TEN01, a gram-negative bacterium isolated from the petroleum industry is a potential biosurfactant (Rhamnolipid) producer using cassava waste as the substrate. This work focuses on production and characterization of rhamnolipid from P. aeruginosa TEN01 and its use in enhanced oil recovery. The effectiveness of Chitosan that is deacetylated form of chitin which is a biopolymer that provides density and viscosity to the fluids is not known in enhanced oil recovery yet and so it is studied. Moreover, the fabrication of biosurfactant-mediated silver nanocrystals and its application in enhanced oil recovery is also studied. Sand-Pack column was constructed and the mechanism of oil recovery in the column was studied. While incubating the crude oil containing sand packed column with Biosurfactant-biopolymer and brine flooding in the ratio of 1:2, and Biosurfactant incubation - flooding with 3 g/l of biopolymer was found to be 34.28% and 44.5% respectively. The biosurfactant based silver nanoparticles are non-toxic and have better stability when compared to chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles. The oil recovery percentage by chemical based Ag NPs and biosurfactant based Ag NPs are 14.94% and 14.28% respectively.     

Does shelter influence the metabolic traits of a teleost fish?

Availability of shelter is an important component of habitat selection for animals as it can influence survival (protection against harsh physical conditions and predation) and growth (energy acquisition and expenditure). Few studies address the effect of shelter on metabolic expenditures associated with non-mechanical tasks (excluding station holding or movement). The main goal of this study was to investigate the influence of shelter use on metabolic traits of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) from two populations (Kiamika River and Lake Long). Respirometry experiments on smallmouth bass were conducted to measure standard metabolic rate (SMR), resting metabolic rate (RMR), aerobic scope (AS), recovery time (RT) and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in the presence or absence of shelter. The presence of shelter did not affect most metabolic traits, except for RMR, which was reduced in the presence of shelter for Lake Long fish. The results of this study also show that larger fish had lower SMR in the presence of shelter than when it was absent. When accounting for social hierarchy, there were no differences in most metabolic traits in dominant or subordinate fish in the presence or absence of shelter, except for RT, which was significantly lower in the presence of shelter for dominant fish. These results do not support the existence of an unequivocal relationship between individual metabolic traits and the presence of shelter. If physiological motives may influence the use of shelter, sheltering in itself might not have important consequences on energy expenditures required for non-mechanical tasks.