恒河猴B病毒相关抗体检测方法的比较

以NT方法为基础比较了ELISA和FIA方法,共检测84份猴B病毒相关抗体的敏感性,结果ELISA和EIA阳性各50份(59.5％),NT阳性45份(53.6％)。三种方法相符者71份,符合率84.5％。ELISA和FIA均较NT敏感,而且快速,简便,经济,可应用于大批标本的检查。     

从我国成人手足口病患者疱液中首次分离出肠道病毒71型

本文报道了从我国手足口病(HFMD)患者疱液中肠道病毒71(E71)型H株的分离和鉴定。该株病毒可在原代人胚肺(HEL)细胞、MA104细胞、BSC细胞中生长繁殖,导致典型的肠道病毒CPE出现。将H株接种乳鼠后出现肢体麻痹、第6天开始死亡。电镜下可见感染H株的BSC细胞胞浆中出现大量的结晶状排列的成熟病毒颗粒,直径约25nm。患者双份血清中有对H株4倍增高的中和抗体存在。采用100抗体单位的抗Cox A5、7、9、16、E70、E71抗体和50抗体单位的LBM组合血清A-H以及抗E71BrCr株MeAb P27对H株进行中和试验时,H株可被抗E71血清和MeAb P27所中和。抗E71抗体对H株的最低有效中和作用为1.6抗体单位,MeAb P27对H株的有效中和作用是64抗体单位。其它血清则无此中和作用。然而,在鉴定过程中发现,高滴度的抗Cox A16抗体(200抗体单位以上)也显出有中和H株的作用,提示我们所分离的H株含有与Cox A16的型间共同抗原。     

Body shape and differences between species

The variation of body shape among prosimians is reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the selective advantages, that is the mechanical reasons, to which variants of the locomotor apparatus can be traced back. There are differences found in the cheiridia, but at present they cannot be explained in terms of mechanics; there is nearly no knowledge about the mechanical meaning of their diversity. Myological characteristics of taxa can be explained mechanically, but this has not yet been done. Well known are variations of body proportions. These discriminate higher taxa, and are largely coincident with the often-used locomotor categories. In spite of this, there are only few sound arguments about the real biomechanic value of characteristic proportions for a given locomotor mode. What is known on this field, is reviewed. Progress can be made only, if the mechanical conditions, set by postural behavior and locomotion, are understood completely. The subtle distinctions between lower taxonomic units can normally be identified only on the basis of detailed and quantified analyses of movements on one hand, and of biometrics on the other. In the few cases in which such studies have been made, the differences of morphology fit to the mechanical requirements of locomotion which also differ only in quantitative details.     

Shape analysis of two sympatric coral species: Implications for taxonomy and evolution

Fourier shape analysis of Pleurodictyum americanum and P. dividua , favositid tabulate corals, from the Middle Devonian Hamilton Group of New York State, indicates that colony growth form is variable within species between environments, but that the range of variability in growth form is static through time. Pleurpdictyum dividua displays a columnar morphotype; however, P. dividua and P. americanum cannot be discriminated from one another based on colony shape alone. A major prediction of the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution is morphological stasis throughout the duration of a species. Harmonic means of assemblages of P. americanum show no persistent temporal trends. The range of harmonic means present among the oldest assemblages (Centerfield Limestone) are comparable to those among the youngest assemblages (Windom Shale) and to those in the intervening intervals. Character stasis in colony growth form lasted throughout a 2.5-3.5 my interval. In tabulate corals, where reproductive modes such as fragmentation have not been demonstrated, growth form may be useful in interpreting ancient environments. In addition, the tempo of evolution of growth form can be analyzed when sufficient morphological data are available from a wide distribution of environments. Thus, Fourier shape analysis of growth form provides a powerful tool for paleontologists to interpret the ecology and evolution of colonial marine animals.     

FEMALE CONTROL OF SPERM TRANSFER AND INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN SPERM PRECEDENCE: ANTECEDENTS TO THE EVOLUTION OF A COURTSHIP FOOD GIFT

Manipulation of ejaculates is believed to be an important avenue of female choice throughout the animal kingdom, but evidence of its importance to sexual selection remains scarce. In crickets, such manipulation is manifest in the premature removal of the externally attached spermatophore, which may afford females an important means of postcopulatory mate choice. We tested the hypothesis that premature spermatophore removal contributes significantly to intraspecific variation in sperm precedence by (1) experimentally manipulating spermatophore attachment durations of competing male Gryllodes sigillatus and (2) employing protein electrophoresis to determine the paternity of doubly mated females. The relative spermatophore attachment durations of competing males had a significant influence on male paternity, but the pattern of sperm precedence deviated significantly from the predictions of an ideal lottery. Instead, paternity data and morphological evidence accorded best with a model of partial sperm displacement derived here. Our model is similar to a displacement model of Parker et al. in that sperm of the second male mixes instantaneously with that of the first throughout the displacement process, but the novel feature of our model is that the number of sperm displaced is only a fraction of the number of sperm transferred by the second male. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, female G. sigillatus can clearly alter the paternity of their offspring through their spermatophore-removal behavior, and employ such cryptic choice in favoring larger males and those providing larger courtship food gifts. We discuss how female control of sperm transfer and intraspecific variation in sperm precedence may be important precursors to the evolution of gift giving in insects.     

Sperm motility initiation factor is a minor component of the Pacific herring egg chorion

Polyclonal antibodies were generated to the 105 kDa herring sperm motility initiation factor (SMIF) and used to explore the role of SMIF in sperm-egg interaction. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with SMIF antibodies, it was demonstrated that SMIF is present as a minor (4–7% of total chorion protein) component of the chorion. The major polypeptides in the chorion migrated at 117 kDa and in a grouping between 48–54 kDa, with other minor bands above and below. The only detectable glycosylated component was the 105 kDa band, which was resolved at two isoelectric points (8.22 and 8.31) after isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis. Using antibodies to SMIF, fertilization was blocked, sperm motility was inhibited in vitro in the presence of solubilized SMIF and SMIF binding sites on sperm were localized. Lastly, SMIF was localized to the region of the herring egg that encircles the micropyle.     

Functional morphology of genitalia of four species of julidan millipedes (Diplopoda: Nemasomatidae; Julidae)

The functional anatomy of the genitalia of Nemasoma varicorne (Nemasomatidae), Brachyiulus lusitanus, Unciger foehdus and Cylindroiulus boleti (Julidae) was investigated by shock freezing of animals in copula followed by serial semithin sectioning of the engaged genitalia. The species show conspicuous differences in the functional mechanism of their genitalia. In M varicorne and B. lusitanus the vulvae remain within the vulval sac during copulation while in U.foetidus and C. boleti parts of the gonopods (promerite and mesomerite) form clasper-like structures that pull out the vulvae from the vulval sacs. With the exception of C. boleti all investigated species have a 'central funnel' on the vulva which leads into the receptaculum seminis. The sperm-transferring part of the male gonopods (solenomerite) is introduced into this funnel during copulation. In B. lusitanus and C. boleti a projection of the posterior gonopods (end-projection, brachite) fits into a slit anterior to the openings of the receptacula. The results are discussed with regard to sexual selection theory and a hypothesis is proposed that explains the evolutionary change of millipede genitalia by a combination of female choice and sperm competition phenomena.     

Typing of Verotoxins by DNA Colony Hybridization with Poly- and Oligonucleotide Probes,a Bead-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay,and Polymerase Chain Reaction

To identify the type of Verotoxins (VT) produced by Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC), a sensitive bead-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction with common and specific primers to various VTs (VT1, VT2, VT2vha, VT2vhb, and VT2vp1) were developed. Together with colony hybridization tests with oligo- and polynucleotide probes, these methods were applied to VTEC isolates to type the VT produced. The toxin types of 26 of 37 strains were identified, but the reaction profiles in assays of the remaining 11 strains suggested the existence of new VT2 variants. The application of these identification procedures may be useful as a tool for clinical and epidemiological studies of VTEC infection.     

Sperm competition and sex allocation in simultaneous hermaphrodites

Summary Sex allocation theory is developed for hermaphrodites having frequent copulations and long-term sperm storage. Provided the sperm displacement mechanisms are similar to those known in insects, the ESS allocation to sperm versus eggs satisfies a rather simple rule. There are no data to test this rule, as yet.